Training courses

Kernel and Embedded Linux

Bootlin training courses

Embedded Linux, kernel,
Yocto Project, Buildroot, real-time,
graphics, boot time, debugging...

Bootlin logo

Elixir Cross Referencer

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file also includes Pacific islands.

# Notes are at the end of this file

###############################################################################

# Australia

# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D
Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D
# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
# Northern Territory
Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
# Western Australia
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
			 8:45	Aus +0845/+0945	1943 Jul
			 8:45	AW  +0845/+0945

# Queensland
#
# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
# Queensland ceased to.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
# so use Lindeman.
#
# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
# islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
# applies to all of the Whitsundays.
# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT

# South Australia
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
			9:30	AS	AC%sT

# Tasmania
#
# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
			10:00	AT	AE%sT
Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul
			10:00	AT	AE%sT

# Victoria
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
			10:00	AV	AE%sT

# New South Wales
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
			10:00	AN	AE%sT
Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
			9:30	AS	AC%sT

# Lord Howe Island
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
			10:30	LH	+1030/+1130 1985 Jul
			10:30	LH	+1030/+11

# Australian miscellany
#
# Ashmore Is, Cartier
# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
# no times are set
#
# Coral Sea Is
# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
# no times are set
#
# Macquarie
# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
# on 4 April.
#
# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010 Apr  4  3:00
			11:00	-	+11

# Christmas
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
			7:00	-	+07

# Cocos (Keeling) Is
# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
			6:30	-	+0630


# Fiji

# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
# from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
#
# "Daylight savings to commence this month"
# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
# amendments:
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml

# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
# 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
#
# Official source:
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
#
# A bit more background info here:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
#
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
# which says
# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
# 2am on February 26 next year.

# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
#
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
# states:
#
# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
# on the  23rd of October, 2011.

# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155

# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx

# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx

# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx

# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.

# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."

# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
# the first Sunday on or after January 14.  Although ad hoc, it matches
# transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
# practice than guessing no DST.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=14	3:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13

# French Polynesia
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Rikitea
			 -9:00	-	-09
Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
			 -9:30	-	-0930
Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete
			-10:00	-	-10
# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
# it is uninhabited.

# Guam
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23 # Guam
			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is

# Kiribati
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
			 12:00	-	+12
Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31
			 13:00	-	+13
Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct
			-10:00	-	-10	1994 Dec 31
			 14:00	-	+14

# N Mariana Is
# See Pacific/Guam.

# Marshall Is
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
			12:00	-	+12
Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20
			12:00	-	+12

# Micronesia
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
			10:00	-	+10
Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kolonia
			11:00	-	+11
Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
			12:00	-	+12	1999
			11:00	-	+11

# Nauru
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Mar 15
			9:00	-	+09	1944 Aug 15
			11:30	-	+1130	1979 May
			12:00	-	+12

# New Caledonia
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-
# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
			11:00	NC	+11/+12


###############################################################################

# New Zealand

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
# transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
# time to percolate out.
Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	-
Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-
Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
			12:15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1
			12:45	Chatham	+1245/+1345

Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo

# Auckland Is
# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
# and scientific personnel have wintered

# Campbell I
# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
# was probably like Pacific/Auckland

# Cook Is
# From Shanks & Pottenger:
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua
			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930

###############################################################################


# Niue
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901        # Alofi
			-11:20	-	-1120	1951
			-11:30	-	-1130	1978 Oct  1
			-11:00	-	-11

# Norfolk
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
			11:12	-	+1112	1951
			11:30	-	+1130	1974 Oct 27 02:00
			11:30	1:00	+1230	1975 Mar  2 02:00
			11:30	-	+1130	2015 Oct  4 02:00
			11:00	-	+11

# Palau (Belau)
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901 # Koror
			9:00	-	+09

# Papua New Guinea
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
			10:00	-	+10
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
#
# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
#
# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
# See:
# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
#
Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
			10:00	-	+10	1942 Jul
			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 21
			10:00	-	+10	2014 Dec 28  2:00
			11:00	-	+11

# Pitcairn
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
			-8:30	-	-0830	1998 Apr 27  0:00
			-8:00	-	-08

# American Samoa
Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands

# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
# the following info:
#
# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
# Sunday of April 2011."
#
# Background info:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
#
# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
# contain any dates:
# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf

# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
# Please see
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws
# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"

# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
#
# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).

# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
#
# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
# The International Date Line Act 2011
# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
# accordingly.

# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
#
# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
#
# DST
# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
#
# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
# Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
# Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
#
# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-
Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-
Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
			-11:30	-	-1130	1950
			-11:00	WS	-11/-10	2011 Dec 29 24:00
			 13:00	WS	+13/+14

# Solomon Is
# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara
			11:00	-	+11

# Tokelau
#
# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
# December 31 this year ...
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
# actually was to UT-11 back then.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
# are off by an hour starting in 1901.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
			-11:00	-	-11	2011 Dec 30
			13:00	-	+13

# Tonga
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-
Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
			12:20	-	+1220	1941
			13:00	-	+13	1999
			13:00	Tonga	+13/+14

# Tuvalu
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
			12:00	-	+12


# US minor outlying islands

# Howland, Baker
# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
# uninhabited thereafter.
# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
# until they were abandoned after the war.

# Jarvis
# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
# uninhabited thereafter.
# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati

# Johnston
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
# treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
#
# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
#
# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
# Minus One Hour".

# Kingman
# uninhabited

# Midway
# See Pacific/Pago_Pago.

# Palmyra
# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati

# Wake
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
			12:00	-	+12


# Vanuatu
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12

# Wallis and Futuna
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
			12:00	-	+12

###############################################################################

# NOTES

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# The following abbreviations are from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
#		std	dst
#		LMT		Local Mean Time
#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
#	 10:00	GST		Guam through 2000
#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
#
# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.

###############################################################################

# Australia

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm

# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.

# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
# covers New South Wales in particular.

# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
# abbreviation does _not_ change...
# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
# time'.
# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
#
# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
#
#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
#
#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
#
# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
#
#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
#
# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
#
# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
#
# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
#
#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
#
#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
#
#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
#
#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
#
#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
#   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
#
#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
#
# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.

# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.

# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
#
# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
# relevant entries in this database.
#
# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
# ACT
# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
# SA
# Standard Time Act, 1898
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html

# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
#
# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
# to extend DST together in 2006.
# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
# allude to it.
# But not Queensland
# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html

# Northern Territory

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
# #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
# ...
# Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.

# Western Australia

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
# #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
# #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
# #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
# #	before reaching parliament.
# ...
# Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST
# ...
# Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
# Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.

# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
# work at 9.00am.)
# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
# everybody again.

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
# it matches what was used in the past.

# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.

# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/

# Queensland

# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
# #						[ Dec 1990 ]
# ...
# Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST
# ...
# Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
# Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E

# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
# October 1989).

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...

# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
# end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
# me.)

# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
# ...
# Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
# ...

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.

# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
# WA are trialing DST for three years.
# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf

# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
# southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
# Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
# Australia and Western Australia....
#
# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
# This is confirmed by the section entitled
# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
#
# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
# coast of the continent.
#
# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
# the largest population centre in this zone....
#
# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
#
# (2006-12-09):
# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
# of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well
# before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
# introduction of standard time in 1895.


# southeast Australia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html


# South Australia

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
# ...
# Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST
# ...
# Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
# Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	C
# Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C

# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
# contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."

# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
# numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
# is on...

# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).

# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....

# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# Tasmania

# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# #					[ Nov 1990 ]

# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
# (but nothing new about that).

# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
# instead of the first Sunday in October.

# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# Victoria

# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]

# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
# interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
# in Melbourne, Australia.
#
# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
# fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
# expected time.
#
# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
#
# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# New South Wales

# From Arthur David Olson:
# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
# who notes:
#	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
#	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
#	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
#	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
#	I have researched New South Wales time only...

# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html

# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
# See the following official NSW source:
# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
#
# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
# daylight saving next year.  See:
# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
#
# Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
#
# However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
#
# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
#
# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm

# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.

# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
# towns to use Queensland time.

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# Yancowinna

# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
# #					[ Dec 1990 ]
# ...
# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
# # presently available.
# Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST
# ...
# Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C
# [followed by other Rules]

# Lord Howe Island

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
#					[ Dec 1990 ]
# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
# hour ahead of NSW time.

# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
# instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
# arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.

# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
# Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
# summer (southern hemisphere).
#
# From
# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
#
# We have a wrap-up here:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
###############################################################################

# New Zealand

# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
# #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
# #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
# #				[ Nov 1990 ]
# ...
# Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
# Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
# Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S
# ...
# Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand
# Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
# rather than the October 1 value.

# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
#
# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.

# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
# first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning
# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended

# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.

###############################################################################


# Fiji

# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).

# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.

# From the BBC World Service in
# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
# of the new millennium.

# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.


# Kiribati

# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.

# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).

# Kwajalein

# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
# 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.


# N Mariana Is, Guam

# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
# see Asia/Manila.

# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".


# Micronesia

# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
#
# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.


# Midway

# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
# Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
# your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
# we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
# air at 6am your time.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
# started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
# in Midway, but we have no record of it.

# Norfolk

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf

# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
# other than in 1974/5.  See:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html

# Pitcairn

# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
#
#	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
#	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
#	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
#
# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
# somehow in light of this proclamation.

# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
# ... at midnight.

# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.


# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa

# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm

# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.


# Tonga

# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.

# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
#
# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
#
# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
#
# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
# minutes we have lost?"
#
# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
# to say your prayers in the morning."

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.

# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
# Government.

# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
#
# I was given this link by John Letts:
# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
#
# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
# (12 + 1 hour DST).

# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
# third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
# set back an hour on the closing date."
# Alas, no indication of the time of day.

# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)

# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.

# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
# hour to 1:00am.

# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.

# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.

# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
# In August government was disolved by the King.  The current prime minister
# continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
# For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.


# Wake

# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
#
# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
# impossible.
#
# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm

# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.

###############################################################################

# The International Date Line

# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
#
# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
# convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
#
# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
# has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
# correct date is ambiguous.

# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon).  During 1917, at the
# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
# on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
# nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
# independent merchant ships until World War II.

# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
# (2005-03-20):
#
# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
# international waters; it ignores the international date line.