.\"-
.\" Copyright (c) 2005-2006 Robert N. M. Watson
.\" Copyright (c) 2008 Apple Inc.
.\" All rights reserved.
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.Dd November 5, 2006
.Dt AUDIT.LOG 5
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm audit
.Nd "Basic Security Module (BSM) file format"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
file format is based on Sun's Basic Security Module (BSM) file format, a
token-based record stream to represent system audit data.
This file format is both flexible and extensible, able to describe a broad
range of data types, and easily extended to describe new data types in a
moderately backward and forward compatible way.
.Pp
BSM token streams typically begin and end with a
.Dq file
token, which provides time stamp and file name information for the stream;
when processing a BSM token stream from a stream as opposed to a single file
source, file tokens may be seen at any point between ordinary records
identifying when particular parts of the stream begin and end.
All other tokens will appear in the context of a complete BSM audit record,
which begins with a
.Dq header
token, and ends with a
.Dq trailer
token, which describe the audit record.
Between these two tokens will appear a variety of data tokens, such as
process information, file path names, IPC object information, MAC labels,
socket information, and so on.
.Pp
The BSM file format defines specific token orders for each record event type;
however, some variation may occur depending on the operating system in use,
what system options, such as mandatory access control, are present.
.Pp
This manual page documents the common token types and their binary format, and
is intended for reference purposes only.
It is recommended that application programmers use the
.Xr libbsm 3
interface to read and write tokens, rather than parsing or constructing
records by hand.
.Ss File Token
The
.Dq file
token is used at the beginning and end of an audit log file to indicate
when the audit log begins and ends.
It includes a pathname so that, if concatenated together, original file
boundaries are still observable, and gaps in the audit log can be identified.
A
.Dq file
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_file 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Seconds	4 bytes	File time stamp"
.It "Microseconds	4 bytes	File time stamp"
.It "File name length	2 bytes	File name of audit trail"
.It "File pathname	N bytes + 1 NUL	File name of audit trail"
.El
.Ss Header Token
The
.Dq header
token is used to mark the beginning of a complete audit record, and includes
the length of the total record in bytes, a version number for the record
layout, the event type and subtype, and the time at which the event occurred.
A 32-bit
.Dq header
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_header32 3 ;
a 64-bit
.Dq header
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_header64 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Record Byte Count	4 bytes	Number of bytes in record"
.It "Version Number	2 bytes	Record version number"
.It "Event Type	2 bytes	Event type"
.It "Event Modifier	2 bytes	Event sub-type"
.It "Seconds	4/8 bytes	Record time stamp (32/64-bits)"
.It "Nanoseconds	4/8 bytes	Record time stamp (32/64-bits)"
.El
.Ss Expanded Header Token
The
.Dq expanded header
token is an expanded version of the
.Dq header
token, with the addition of a machine IPv4 or IPv6 address.
A 32-bit extended
.Dq header
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_header32_ex 3 ;
a 64-bit extended
.Dq header
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_header64_ex 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Record Byte Count	4 bytes	Number of bytes in record"
.It "Version Number	2 bytes	Record version number"
.It "Event Type	2 bytes	Event type"
.It "Event Modifier	2 bytes	Event sub-type"
.It "Address Type/Length	1 byte	Host address type and length"
.It "Machine Address	4/16 bytes	IPv4 or IPv6 address"
.It "Seconds	4/8 bytes	Record time stamp (32/64-bits)"
.It "Nanoseconds	4/8 bytes	Record time stamp (32/64-bits)"
.El
.Ss Trailer Token
The
.Dq trailer
terminates a BSM audit record, and contains a magic number,
.Dv AUT_TRAILER_MAGIC
and length that can be used to validate that the record was read properly.
A
.Dq trailer
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_trailer 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Trailer Magic	2 bytes	Trailer magic number"
.It "Record Byte Count	4 bytes	Number of bytes in record"
.El
.Ss Arbitrary Data Token
The
.Dq arbitrary data
token contains a byte stream of opaque (untyped) data.
The size of the data is calculated as the size of each unit of data
multiplied by the number of units of data.
A
.Dq How to print
field is present to specify how to print the data, but interpretation of
that field is not currently defined.
An
.Dq arbitrary data
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_data 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "How to Print	1 byte	User-defined printing information"
.It "Basic Unit	1 byte	Size of a unit in bytes"
.It "Unit Count	1 byte	Number of units of data present"
.It "Data Items	Variable	User data"
.El
.Ss in_addr Token
The
.Dq in_addr
token holds a network byte order IPv4 address.
An
.Dq in_addr
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_in_addr 3
for an IPv4 address.
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "IP Address	4 bytes	IPv4 address"
.El
.Ss Expanded in_addr Token
The
.Dq in_addr_ex
token holds a network byte order IPv4 or IPv6 address.
An
.Dq in_addr_ex
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_in_addr_ex 3
for an IPv6 address.
.Pp
See the
.Sx BUGS
section for information on the storage of this token.
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "IP Address Type	1 byte	Type of address"
.It "IP Address	4/16 bytes	IPv4 or IPv6 address"
.El
.Ss ip Token
The
.Dq ip
token contains an IP packet header in network byte order.
An
.Dq ip
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_ip 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Version and IHL	1 byte	Version and IP header length"
.It "Type of Service	1 byte	IP TOS field"
.It "Length	2 bytes	IP packet length in network byte order"
.It "ID	2 bytes	IP header ID for reassembly"
.It "Offset	2 bytes	IP fragment offset and flags, network byte order"
.It "TTL	1 byte	IP Time-to-Live"
.It "Protocol	1 byte	IP protocol number"
.It "Checksum	2 bytes	IP header checksum, network byte order"
.It "Source Address	4 bytes	IPv4 source address"
.It "Destination Address	4 bytes	IPv4 destination address"
.El
.Ss iport Token
The
.Dq iport
token stores an IP port number in network byte order.
An
.Dq iport
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_iport 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Port Number	2 bytes	Port number in network byte order"
.El
.Ss Path Token
The
.Dq path
token contains a pathname.
A
.Dq path
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_path 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Path Length	2 bytes	Length of path in bytes"
.It "Path	N bytes + 1 NUL	Path name"
.El
.Ss path_attr Token
The
.Dq path_attr
token contains a set of NUL-terminated path names.
The
.Xr libbsm 3
API cannot currently create a
.Dq path_attr
token.
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Count	2 bytes	Number of NUL-terminated string(s) in token"
.It "Path	Variable	count NUL-terminated string(s)"
.El
.Ss Process Token
The
.Dq process
token contains a description of the security properties of a process
involved as the target of an auditable event, such as the destination for
signal delivery.
It should not be confused with the
.Dq subject
token, which describes the subject performing an auditable event.
This includes both the traditional
.Ux
security properties, such as user IDs and group IDs, but also audit
information such as the audit user ID and session.
A
.Dq process
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_process32 3
or
.Xr au_to_process64 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Audit ID	4 bytes	Audit user ID"
.It "Effective User ID	4 bytes	Effective user ID"
.It "Effective Group ID	4 bytes	Effective group ID"
.It "Real User ID	4 bytes	Real user ID"
.It "Real Group ID	4 bytes	Real group ID"
.It "Process ID	4 bytes	Process ID"
.It "Session ID	4 bytes	Audit session ID"
.It "Terminal Port ID	4/8 bytes	Terminal port ID (32/64-bits)"
.It "Terminal Machine Address	4 bytes	IP address of machine"
.El
.Ss Expanded Process Token
The
.Dq expanded process
token contains the contents of the
.Dq process
token, with the addition of a machine address type and variable length
address storage capable of containing IPv6 addresses.
An
.Dq expanded process
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_process32_ex 3
or
.Xr au_to_process64_ex 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Audit ID	4 bytes	Audit user ID"
.It "Effective User ID	4 bytes	Effective user ID"
.It "Effective Group ID	4 bytes	Effective group ID"
.It "Real User ID	4 bytes	Real user ID"
.It "Real Group ID	4 bytes	Real group ID"
.It "Process ID	4 bytes	Process ID"
.It "Session ID	4 bytes	Audit session ID"
.It "Terminal Port ID	4/8 bytes	Terminal port ID (32/64-bits)"
.It "Terminal Address Type/Length	1 byte	Length of machine address"
.It "Terminal Machine Address	4 bytes	IPv4 or IPv6 address of machine"
.El
.Ss Return Token
The
.Dq return
token contains a system call or library function return condition, including
return value and error number associated with the global variable
.Er errno .
A
.Dq return
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_return32 3
or
.Xr au_to_return64 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Error Number	1 byte	Errno value, or 0 if undefined"
.It "Return Value	4/8 bytes	Return value (32/64-bits)"
.El
.Ss Subject Token
The
.Dq subject
token contains information on the subject performing the operation described
by an audit record, and includes similar information to that found in the
.Dq process
and
.Dq expanded process
tokens.
However, those tokens are used where the process being described is the
target of the operation, not the authorizing party.
A
.Dq subject
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_subject32 3
and
.Xr au_to_subject64 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Audit ID	4 bytes	Audit user ID"
.It "Effective User ID	4 bytes	Effective user ID"
.It "Effective Group ID	4 bytes	Effective group ID"
.It "Real User ID	4 bytes	Real user ID"
.It "Real Group ID	4 bytes	Real group ID"
.It "Process ID	4 bytes	Process ID"
.It "Session ID	4 bytes	Audit session ID"
.It "Terminal Port ID	4/8 bytes	Terminal port ID (32/64-bits)"
.It "Terminal Machine Address	4 bytes	IP address of machine"
.El
.Ss Expanded Subject Token
The
.Dq expanded subject
token consists of the same elements as the
.Dq subject
token, with the addition of type/length and variable size machine address
information in the terminal ID.
An
.Dq expanded subject
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_subject32_ex 3
or
.Xr au_to_subject64_ex 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Audit ID	4 bytes	Audit user ID"
.It "Effective User ID	4 bytes	Effective user ID"
.It "Effective Group ID	4 bytes	Effective group ID"
.It "Real User ID	4 bytes	Real user ID"
.It "Real Group ID	4 bytes	Real group ID"
.It "Process ID	4 bytes	Process ID"
.It "Session ID	4 bytes	Audit session ID"
.It "Terminal Port ID	4/8 bytes	Terminal port ID (32/64-bits)"
.It "Terminal Address Type/Length	1 byte	Length of machine address"
.It "Terminal Machine Address	4 bytes	IPv4 or IPv6 address of machine"
.El
.Ss System V IPC Token
The
.Dq System V IPC
token contains the System V IPC message handle, semaphore handle or shared
memory handle.
A System V IPC token may be created using
+.Xr au_to_ipc 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Object ID type	1 byte	Object ID"
.It "Object ID	4 bytes	Object ID"
.El
.Ss Text Token
The
.Dq text
token contains a single NUL-terminated text string.
A
.Dq text
token may be created using
.Xr au_to_text 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Text Length	2 bytes	Length of text string including NUL"
.It "Text	N bytes + 1 NUL	Text string including NUL"
.El
.Ss Attribute Token
The
.Dq attribute
token describes the attributes of a file associated with the audit event.
As files may be identified by 0, 1, or many path names, a path name is not
included with the attribute block for a file; optional
.Dq path
tokens may also be present in an audit record indicating which path, if any,
was used to reach the object.
An
.Dq attribute
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_attr32 3
or
.Xr au_to_attr64 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "File Access Mode	1 byte	mode_t associated with file"
.It "Owner User ID	4 bytes	uid_t associated with file"
.It "Owner Group ID	4 bytes	gid_t associated with file"
.It "File System ID	4 bytes	fsid_t associated with file"
.It "File System Node ID	8 bytes	ino_t associated with file"
.It "Device	4/8 bytes	Device major/minor number (32/64-bit)"
.El
.Ss Groups Token
The
.Dq groups
token contains a list of group IDs associated with the audit event.
A
.Dq groups
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_groups 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Number of Groups	2 bytes	Number of groups in token"
.It "Group List	N * 4 bytes	List of N group IDs"
.El
.Ss System V IPC Permission Token
The
.Dq System V IPC permission
token contains a System V IPC access permissions.
A System V IPC permission token may be created using
.Xr au_to_ipc_perm 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It Li "Owner user ID" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "User ID of IPC owner"
.It Li "Owner group ID" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "Group ID of IPC owner"
.It Li "Creator user ID" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "User ID of IPC creator"
.It Li "Creator group ID" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "Group ID of IPC creator"
.It Li "Access mode" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "Access mode"
.It Li "Sequence number" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "Sequence number"
.It Li "Key" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "IPC key"
.El
.Ss Arg Token
The
.Dq arg
token contains information about arguments of the system call.
Depending on the size of the desired argument value, an Arg token may be
created using
.Xr au_to_arg32 3
or
.Xr au_to_arg64 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It Li "Argument ID" Ta "1 byte" Ta "Argument ID"
.It Li "Argument value" Ta "4/8 bytes" Ta "Argument value"
.It Li "Length" Ta "2 bytes" Ta "Length of the text"
.It Li "Text" Ta "N bytes + 1 nul" Ta "The string including nul"
.El
.Ss exec_args Token
The
.Dq exec_args
token contains information about arguments of the exec() system call.
An exec_args token may be created using
.Xr au_to_exec_args 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It Li "Count" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "Number of arguments"
.It Li "Text" Ta "* bytes" Ta "Count nul-terminated strings"
.El
.Ss exec_env Token
The
.Dq exec_env
token contains current environment variables to an exec() system call.
An exec_args token may be created using
.Xr au_to_exec_env 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It Li "Count ID" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "Number of variables"
.It Li "Text" Ta "* bytes" Ta "Count nul-terminated strings"
.El
.Ss Exit Token
The
.Dq exit
token contains process exit/return code information.
An
.Dq exit
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_exit 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Status	4 bytes	Process status on exit"
.It "Return Value	4 bytes	Process return value on exit"
.El
.Ss Socket Token
The
.Dq socket
token contains information about UNIX domain and Internet sockets.
Each token has four or eight fields.
Depending on the type of socket, a socket token may be created using
.Xr au_to_sock_unix 3 ,
.Xr au_to_sock_inet32 3
or
.Xr au_to_sock_inet128 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".Sy Field Name Width XX" ".Sy XX Bytes XXXX" ".Sy Description"
.It Sy "Field" Ta Sy Bytes Ta Sy Description
.It Li "Token ID" Ta "1 byte" Ta "Token ID"
.It Li "Socket family" Ta "2 bytes" Ta "Socket family"
.It Li "Local port" Ta "2 bytes" Ta "Local port"
.It Li "Socket address" Ta "4 bytes" Ta "Socket address"
.El
.Ss Expanded Socket Token
The
.Dq expanded socket
token contains information about IPv4 and IPv6 sockets.
A
.Dq expanded socket
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_socket_ex 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It Li "Token ID" Ta "1 byte" Ta "Token ID"
.It Li "Socket domain" Ta "2 bytes" Ta "Socket domain"
.It Li "Socket type" Ta "2 bytes" Ta "Socket type"
.It Li "Address type" Ta "2 byte" Ta "Address type (IPv4/IPv6)"
.It Li "Local port" Ta "2 bytes" Ta "Local port"
.It Li "Local IP address" Ta "4/16 bytes" Ta "Local IP address"
.It Li "Remote port" Ta "2 bytes" Ta "Remote port"
.It Li "Remote IP address" Ta "4/16 bytes" Ta "Remote IP address"
.El
.Ss Seq Token
The
.Dq seq
token contains a unique and monotonically increasing audit event sequence ID.
Due to the limited range of 32 bits, serial number arithmetic and caution
should be used when comparing sequence numbers.
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Sequence Number	4 bytes	Audit event sequence number"
.El
.Ss privilege Token
The
.Dq privilege
token ...
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.El
.Ss Use-of-auth Token
The
.Dq use-of-auth
token ...
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.El
.Ss Command Token
The
.Dq command
token ...
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.El
.Ss ACL Token
The
.Dq ACL
token ...
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.El
.Ss Zonename Token
The
.Dq zonename
token holds a NUL-terminated string with the name of the zone or jail from
which the record originated.
A
.Dq zonename
token can be created using
.Xr au_to_zonename 3 .
.Bl -column -offset 3n ".No Terminal Address Type/Length" ".No N bytes + 1 NUL"
.It Sy "Field	Bytes	Description"
.It "Token ID	1 byte	Token ID"
.It "Zonename length	2 bytes	Length of zonename string including NUL"
.It "Zonename	N bytes + 1 NUL	Zonename string including NUL"
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr auditreduce 1 ,
.Xr praudit 1 ,
.Xr libbsm 3 ,
.Xr audit 4 ,
.Xr auditpipe 4 ,
.Xr audit 8
.Sh HISTORY
The OpenBSM implementation was created by McAfee Research, the security
division of McAfee Inc., under contract to Apple Computer Inc.\& in 2004.
It was subsequently adopted by the TrustedBSD Project as the foundation for
the OpenBSM distribution.
.Sh AUTHORS
The Basic Security Module (BSM) interface to audit records and audit event
stream format were defined by Sun Microsystems.
.Pp
This manual page was written by
.An Robert Watson Aq rwatson@FreeBSD.org .
.Sh BUGS
The
.Dq How to print
field in the
.Dq arbitrary data
token has undefined values.
.Pp
The
.Dq in_addr
and
.Dq in_addr_ex
token layout documented here appears to be in conflict with the
.Xr libbsm 3
implementation of
.Xr au_to_in_addr_ex 3 .