/* This file contains the definitions for timing variables used to
measure run-time performance of the compiler.
Copyright (C) 2000-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Contributed by Alex Samuel <samuel@codesourcery.com>
This file is part of GCC.
GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
any later version.
GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
/* This file contains timing variable definitions, used by timevar.h
and timevar.c.
Syntax:
DEFTIMEVAR (id, name)
where ID is the enumeral value used to identify the timing
variable, and NAME is a character string describing its purpose. */
/* The total execution time. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TOTAL , "total time")
/* The compiler phases.
These must be mutually exclusive, and the NAME field must begin
with "phase".
Also, their sum must be within a millionth of the total time (see
validate_phases). */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PHASE_SETUP , "phase setup")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PHASE_PARSING , "phase parsing")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PHASE_DEFERRED , "phase lang. deferred")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PHASE_LATE_PARSING_CLEANUPS, "phase late parsing cleanups")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PHASE_OPT_GEN , "phase opt and generate")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PHASE_LATE_ASM , "phase last asm")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PHASE_STREAM_IN , "phase stream in")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PHASE_STREAM_OUT , "phase stream out")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PHASE_FINALIZE , "phase finalize")
/* Concurrent timers, indicated by "|". */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_NAME_LOOKUP , "|name lookup")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_OVERLOAD , "|overload resolution")
/* Time spent garbage-collecting. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_GC , "garbage collection")
/* Time spent generating dump files. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DUMP , "dump files")
/* Time spent saving/restoring PCH state. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PCH_SAVE , "PCH main state save")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PCH_CPP_SAVE , "PCH preprocessor state save")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PCH_PTR_REALLOC , "PCH pointer reallocation")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PCH_PTR_SORT , "PCH pointer sort")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PCH_RESTORE , "PCH main state restore")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PCH_CPP_RESTORE , "PCH preprocessor state restore")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CGRAPH , "callgraph construction")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CGRAPHOPT , "callgraph optimization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CGRAPH_FUNC_EXPANSION , "callgraph functions expansion")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CGRAPH_IPA_PASSES , "callgraph ipa passes")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_ODR , "ipa ODR types")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_FNSUMMARY , "ipa function summary")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_UNREACHABLE , "ipa dead code removal")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_INHERITANCE , "ipa inheritance graph")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_VIRTUAL_CALL , "ipa virtual call target")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_DEVIRT , "ipa devirtualization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_CONSTANT_PROP , "ipa cp")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_INLINING , "ipa inlining heuristics")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_FNSPLIT , "ipa function splitting")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_COMDATS , "ipa comdats")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_OPT , "ipa various optimizations")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_DECOMPRESS , "lto stream decompression")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_COMPRESS , "lto stream compression")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_OUTPUT , "lto stream output")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_GIMPLE_IN , "ipa lto gimple in")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_GIMPLE_OUT , "ipa lto gimple out")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_DECL_IN , "ipa lto decl in")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_DECL_OUT , "ipa lto decl out")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_CTORS_IN , "ipa lto constructors in")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_CTORS_OUT , "ipa lto constructors out")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_CGRAPH_IO , "ipa lto cgraph I/O")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_DECL_MERGE , "ipa lto decl merge")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_LTO_CGRAPH_MERGE , "ipa lto cgraph merge")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LTO , "lto")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_WHOPR_WPA , "whopr wpa")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_WHOPR_WPA_IO , "whopr wpa I/O")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_WHOPR_PARTITIONING , "whopr partitioning")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_WHOPR_LTRANS , "whopr ltrans")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_REFERENCE , "ipa reference")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_HSA , "ipa HSA")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_PROFILE , "ipa profile")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_AUTOFDO , "auto profile")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_PURE_CONST , "ipa pure const")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_ICF , "ipa icf")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_PTA , "ipa points-to")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_SRA , "ipa SRA")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_FREE_LANG_DATA , "ipa free lang data")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IPA_FREE_INLINE_SUMMARY, "ipa free inline summary")
/* Time spent by constructing CFG. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CFG , "cfg construction")
/* Time spent by cleaning up CFG. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CLEANUP_CFG , "cfg cleanup")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CFG_VERIFY , "CFG verifier")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DELETE_TRIVIALLY_DEAD , "trivially dead code")
/* Time spent in dataflow problems. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DF_SCAN , "df scan insns")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DF_MD , "df multiple defs")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DF_RD , "df reaching defs")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DF_LR , "df live regs")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DF_LIVE , "df live&initialized regs")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DF_MIR , "df must-initialized regs")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DF_CHAIN , "df use-def / def-use chains")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DF_WORD_LR , "df live reg subwords")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DF_NOTE , "df reg dead/unused notes")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REG_STATS , "register information")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ALIAS_ANALYSIS , "alias analysis")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ALIAS_STMT_WALK , "alias stmt walking")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REG_SCAN , "register scan")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REBUILD_JUMP , "rebuild jump labels")
/* Timing in various stages of the compiler. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CPP , "preprocessing")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LEX , "lexical analysis")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PARSE_GLOBAL , "parser (global)")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PARSE_STRUCT , "parser struct body")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PARSE_ENUM , "parser enumerator list")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PARSE_FUNC , "parser function body")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PARSE_INLINE , "parser inl. func. body")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PARSE_INMETH , "parser inl. meth. body")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TEMPLATE_INST , "template instantiation")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CONSTEXPR , "constant expression evaluation")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CONSTRAINT_NORM , "constraint normalization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CONSTRAINT_SAT , "constraint satisfaction")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CONSTRAINT_SUB , "constraint subsumption")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_FLATTEN_INLINING , "flatten inlining")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_EARLY_INLINING , "early inlining heuristics")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_INLINE_PARAMETERS , "inline parameters")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_INTEGRATION , "integration")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_GIMPLIFY , "tree gimplify")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_EH , "tree eh")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_CFG , "tree CFG construction")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_CLEANUP_CFG , "tree CFG cleanup")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_TAIL_MERGE , "tree tail merge")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_VRP , "tree VRP")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_EARLY_VRP , "tree Early VRP")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_COPY_PROP , "tree copy propagation")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_FIND_REFERENCED_VARS , "tree find ref. vars")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_PTA , "tree PTA")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_INSERT_PHI_NODES , "tree PHI insertion")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SSA_REWRITE_BLOCKS, "tree SSA rewrite")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SSA_OTHER , "tree SSA other")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SSA_INCREMENTAL , "tree SSA incremental")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_OPS , "tree operand scan")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SSA_DOMINATOR_OPTS , "dominator optimization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SSA_THREAD_JUMPS , "backwards jump threading")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SRA , "tree SRA")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ISOLATE_ERRONEOUS_PATHS , "isolate eroneous paths")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_CCP , "tree CCP")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SPLIT_EDGES , "tree split crit edges")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_REASSOC , "tree reassociation")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_PRE , "tree PRE")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_FRE , "tree FRE")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SINK , "tree code sinking")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_PHIOPT , "tree linearize phis")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_BACKPROP , "tree backward propagate")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_FORWPROP , "tree forward propagate")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_PHIPROP , "tree phiprop")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_DCE , "tree conservative DCE")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_CD_DCE , "tree aggressive DCE")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_CALL_CDCE , "tree buildin call DCE")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_DSE , "tree DSE")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_MERGE_PHI , "PHI merge")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_LOOP , "tree loop optimization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_NOLOOP , "loopless fn")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_LOOP_BOUNDS , "tree loop bounds")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LIM , "tree loop invariant motion")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LINTERCHANGE , "tree loop interchange")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_LOOP_IVCANON , "tree canonical iv")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_SCEV_CONST , "scev constant prop")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_LOOP_UNSWITCH , "tree loop unswitching")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOOP_SPLIT , "loop splitting")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOOP_JAM , "unroll and jam")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_COMPLETE_UNROLL , "complete unrolling")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_PARALLELIZE_LOOPS, "tree parallelize loops")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_VECTORIZATION , "tree vectorization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SLP_VECTORIZATION, "tree slp vectorization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_GRAPHITE , "Graphite")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_GRAPHITE_TRANSFORMS , "Graphite loop transforms")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_GRAPHITE_DATA_DEPS , "Graphite data dep analysis")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_GRAPHITE_CODE_GEN , "Graphite code generation")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_LOOP_DISTRIBUTION, "tree loop distribution")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CHECK_DATA_DEPS , "tree check data dependences")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_PREFETCH , "tree prefetching")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_LOOP_IVOPTS , "tree iv optimization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PREDCOM , "predictive commoning")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_CH , "tree copy headers")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SSA_UNCPROP , "tree SSA uncprop")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_NRV , "tree NRV optimization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_COPY_RENAME , "tree rename SSA copies")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SSA_VERIFY , "tree SSA verifier")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_STMT_VERIFY , "tree STMT verifier")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SWITCH_CONVERSION, "tree switch conversion")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SWITCH_LOWERING, "tree switch lowering")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_RECIP , "gimple CSE reciprocals")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_SINCOS , "gimple CSE sin/cos")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_WIDEN_MUL , "gimple widening/fma detection")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TRANS_MEM , "transactional memory")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_STRLEN , "tree strlen optimization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CGRAPH_VERIFY , "callgraph verifier")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DOM_FRONTIERS , "dominance frontiers")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DOMINANCE , "dominance computation")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CONTROL_DEPENDENCES , "control dependences")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_OUT_OF_SSA , "out of ssa")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_VAR_EXPAND , "expand vars")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_EXPAND , "expand")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_POST_EXPAND , "post expand cleanups")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_VARCONST , "varconst")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOWER_SUBREG , "lower subreg")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_JUMP , "jump")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_FWPROP , "forward prop")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CSE , "CSE")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DCE , "dead code elimination")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DSE1 , "dead store elim1")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DSE2 , "dead store elim2")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOOP , "loop analysis")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOOP_INIT , "loop init")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOOP_VERSIONING , "loop versioning")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOOP_MOVE_INVARIANTS , "loop invariant motion")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOOP_UNROLL , "loop unrolling")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOOP_DOLOOP , "loop doloop")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOOP_FINI , "loop fini")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CPROP , "CPROP")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PRE , "PRE")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_HOIST , "code hoisting")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LSM , "LSM")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TRACER , "tracer")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_WEB , "web")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_AUTO_INC_DEC , "auto inc dec")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CSE2 , "CSE 2")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_BRANCH_PROB , "branch prediction")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_COMBINE , "combiner")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IFCVT , "if-conversion")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_MODE_SWITCH , "mode switching")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_SMS , "sms modulo scheduling")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LIVE_RANGE_SHRINKAGE , "live range shrinkage")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_SCHED , "scheduling")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_EARLY_REMAT , "early rematerialization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IRA , "integrated RA")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LRA , "LRA non-specific")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LRA_ELIMINATE , "LRA virtuals elimination")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LRA_INHERITANCE , "LRA reload inheritance")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LRA_CREATE_LIVE_RANGES, "LRA create live ranges")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LRA_ASSIGN , "LRA hard reg assignment")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LRA_COALESCE , "LRA coalesce pseudo regs")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LRA_REMAT , "LRA rematerialization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_RELOAD , "reload")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_RELOAD_CSE_REGS , "reload CSE regs")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_GCSE_AFTER_RELOAD , "load CSE after reload")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REE , "ree")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_THREAD_PROLOGUE_AND_EPILOGUE, "thread pro- & epilogue")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_IFCVT2 , "if-conversion 2")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_SPLIT_PATHS , "split paths")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_COMBINE_STACK_ADJUST , "combine stack adjustments")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PEEPHOLE2 , "peephole 2")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_RENAME_REGISTERS , "rename registers")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_SCHED_FUSION , "scheduling fusion")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_CPROP_REGISTERS , "hard reg cprop")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_SCHED2 , "scheduling 2")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_MACH_DEP , "machine dep reorg")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_DBR_SCHED , "delay branch sched")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REORDER_BLOCKS , "reorder blocks")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_SHORTEN_BRANCH , "shorten branches")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REG_STACK , "reg stack")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_FINAL , "final")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_VAROUT , "variable output")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_SYMOUT , "symout")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_VAR_TRACKING , "variable tracking")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_VAR_TRACKING_DATAFLOW , "var-tracking dataflow")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_VAR_TRACKING_EMIT , "var-tracking emit")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_IFCOMBINE , "tree if-combine")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_UNINIT , "uninit var analysis")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PLUGIN_INIT , "plugin initialization")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_PLUGIN_RUN , "plugin execution")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_GIMPLE_SLSR , "straight-line strength reduction")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_GIMPLE_STORE_MERGING , "store merging")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_VTABLE_VERIFICATION , "vtable verification")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_UBSAN , "tree ubsan")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_INITIALIZE_RTL , "initialize rtl")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_GIMPLE_LADDRESS , "address lowering")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TREE_LOOP_IFCVT , "tree loop if-conversion")
/* Everything else in rest_of_compilation not included above. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_EARLY_LOCAL , "early local passes")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_OPTIMIZE , "unaccounted optimizations")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REST_OF_COMPILATION , "rest of compilation")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_POSTRELOAD , "unaccounted post reload")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LATE_COMPILATION , "unaccounted late compilation")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REMOVE_UNUSED , "remove unused locals")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ADDRESS_TAKEN , "address taken")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_TODO , "unaccounted todo")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_VERIFY_LOOP_CLOSED , "verify loop closed")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_VERIFY_RTL_SHARING , "verify RTL sharing")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REBUILD_FREQUENCIES , "rebuild frequencies")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_REPAIR_LOOPS , "repair loop structures")
/* Stuff used by libgccjit.so. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_JIT_REPLAY , "replay of JIT client activity")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ASSEMBLE , "assemble JIT code")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LINK , "link JIT code")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_LOAD , "load JIT result")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_JIT_ACQUIRING_MUTEX , "acquiring JIT mutex")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_JIT_CLIENT_CODE , "JIT client code")
/* Analyzer timevars. */
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ANALYZER , "analyzer")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ANALYZER_SUPERGRAPH , "analyzer: supergraph")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ANALYZER_STATE_PURGE , "analyzer: state purge")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ANALYZER_PLAN , "analyzer: planning")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ANALYZER_SCC , "analyzer: scc")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ANALYZER_WORKLIST , "analyzer: processing worklist")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ANALYZER_DUMP , "analyzer: dump")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ANALYZER_DIAGNOSTICS , "analyzer: emitting diagnostics")
DEFTIMEVAR (TV_ANALYZER_SHORTEST_PATHS, "analyzer: shortest paths")