.\" Copyright (c) 1992, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\"     @(#)fns.doc	8.2 (Berkeley) 6/1/94
.\"
.Ds
.Fn addbytes "char *str" "int len"
.De
This function is the low level character output function.
.Vn Len
characters of the string
.Vn str
are output to the current \*y position of the window.
.Ds
.Fn addch "chtype ch" \(dg
.De
Add the character
.Vn ch
on the window
at the current \*y.
If the character is a newline
(\'\en\')
the line will be cleared to the end,
and the current \*y will be changed to the
beginning off the next line
if newline mapping is on,
or to the next line at the same x co-ordinate
if it is off.
A return
(\'\er\')
will move to the beginning of the line on the window.
Tabs
(\'\et\')
will be expanded into spaces
in the normal tabstop positions of
every eight characters.
\*(Es
.Ds
.Fn addchstr "chtype *str" \(dg
.De
Add the characters and attributes in the string pointed to by
.Vn str
on the window at the current \*y.
\*(Es
In this case, it will put on as much as it can.
.Ds
.Fn addchnstr "chtype *str" "int len" \(dg
.De
Add no more than
.Vn len
characters and attributes of the string pointed to by
.Vn str
on the window at the current \*y.
\*(Es
In this case, it will put on as much as it can.
.Ds
.Fn addstr "char *str" \(dg
.De
Add the string pointed to by
.Vn str
on the window at the current \*y.
\*(Es
In this case, it will put on as much as it can.
.Ds
.Fn addnstr "char *str" "int len" \(dg
.De
Add no more than
.Vn len
characters of the string pointed to by
.Vn str
on the window at the current \*y.
\*(Es
In this case, it will put on as much as it can.
.Ds
.Fn assume_default_colors "short fore" "short back"
.De
Set the curses default foreground and background colors to
.Vn fore
and
.Vn back .
.Ds
.Fn attr_get "attr_t *attr" "short *pair" "void *opt" \(dg
.De
Get the attributes and colour pair for the window.
Either
.Vn attr
or
.Vn pair
may be NULL.
The
.Vn opt
argument is not used.
.Ds
.Fn attr_off "attr_t attr" "void *opt" \(dg
.De
Remove character attributes set by
.Fn attr_on
or
.Fn attr_set .
.Ds
.Fn attr_on "attr_t attr" "void *opt" \(dg
.De
Add character attributes for any characters
added to the window (if it has that capability).
The attributes that can be set are \fBA_UNDERLINE\fR,
\fBA_REVERSE\fR, \fBA_BLINK\fR, \fBA_DIM\fR,
\fBA_BOLD\fR, \fBA_BLANK\fR, \fBA_PROTECT\fB,
\fBA_ALTCHARSET\fR and \fBCOLOR_PAIR(n)\fR.
.Ds
.Fn attr_set "attr_t attr" "short pair" "void *opt" \(dg
.De
Set character attributes and color pair for any characters
added to the window (if it has that capability).
.Ds
.Fn attroff "int attribute" \(dg
.De
Remove character attributes set by
.Fn attron
or
.Fn attrset .
To clear all character attributes, use
.Fn attroff "A_ATTRIBUTES" .
.Fn attroff "A_STANDOUT"
is equivalent to
.Fn standend .
.Fn attroff "A_UNDERLINE"
is equivalent to
.Fn underend .
.Ds
.Fn attron "int attribute" \(dg
.De
Add character attributes for any characters
added to the window (if it has that capability).
.Fn attron "A_STANDOUT"
is equivalent to
.Fn standout .
.Fn attron "A_UNDERLINE"
is equivalent to
.Fn underscore .
.Ds
.Fn attrset "int attribute" \(dg
.De
Set character attributes for any characters
added to the window (if it has that capability).
.Ds
.Fn baudrate "" \(dg
.De
Returns the output baud rate of the terminal.
This is a system dependent constant
(defined in
.b <sys/tty.h>
on BSD systems,
which is included by
.b <curses.h> ).
.Ds
.Fn beep ""
.De
Sound the terminal bell.  If the terminal has no bell capability,
but has the ability to flash the screen, do that instead.  See also
.Fn flash
.Ds
.Fn bkgd "chtype ch"
.De
Sets the background rendition to
.Vn ch .
.Ds
.Fn bkgdset "chtype ch"
.De
Sets the background rendition to
.Vn ch 
and applies this rendition to the window.
.Ds
.Fn border "chtype left" "chtype right" "chtype top" "chtype bottom" "chtype topleft" "chtype topright" "chtype botleft" "chtype botright"
.De
.Pp
Draws a border around the window using the characters:
.Vn left
for drawing the left side, 
.Vn right
for drawing the left side, 
.Vn top
for drawing the top edge, 
.Vn bottom
for drawing the top edge, 
.Vn topleft
for drawing the top-left corner, 
.Vn topright
for drawing the top-right corner, 
.Vn botleft
for drawing the bottom-left corner, and 
.Vn botright
for drawing the bottom-right corner.  If scrolling is not allowed,
and the window encompasses the lower right-hand corner of the terminal,
the corners are left blank to avoid a scroll.
.Ds
.Fn box "WINDOW win" "chtype vert" "chtype hor"
.De
.Pp
Draws a box around the window using
.Vn vert
as the character for drawing the vertical sides, and
.Vn hor
for drawing the horizontal lines.
If scrolling is not allowed,
and the window encompasses the lower right-hand corner of the terminal,
the corners are left blank to avoid a scroll.
.Ds
.Fn can_change_color ""
.De
Check if terminal can change colors.
.Ds
.Fn cbreak ""
.De
Set the terminal to cbreak mode.
.Ds
.Fn clear "" \(dg
.De
Resets the entire window to blanks.
If
.Vn win
is a screen,
this sets the clear flag,
which will cause a clear-screen sequence to be sent
on the next
.Fn refresh
call.
This also moves the current \*y
to (0\*,0).
.Ds
.Fn clearok "WINDOW *scr" "int boolf" \(dg
.De
Sets the clear flag for the screen
.Vn scr .
If
.Vn boolf
is non-zero,
this will force a clear-screen to be printed on the next
.Fn refresh ,
or stop it from doing so if
.Vn boolf
is 0.
This only works on screens,
and,
unlike
.Fn clear ,
does not alter the contents of the screen.
If
.Vn scr
is
.Vn curscr ,
the next
.Fn refresh
call will cause a clear-screen,
even if the window passed to
.Fn refresh
is not a screen.
.Ds
.Fn clrtobot "" \(dg
.De
Wipes the window clear from the current \*y to the bottom.
This does not force a clear-screen sequence on the next refresh
under any circumstances.
\*(Nm
.Ds
.Fn clrtoeol "" \(dg
.De
Wipes the window clear from the current \*y to the end of the line.
\*(Nm
.Ds
.Fn color_content "short color" "short *red" "short *green" "short *blue"
.De
Get the red, green and blue values of color
.Vn color .
.Ds
.Fn color_set "short pair" "void *opt" \(dg
.De
Set color pair for any characters added to the window (if it has
that capability).
.Ds
.Fn copywin "const WINDOW *src" "WINDOW *dst" "int sminrow" "int smincol" "int dminrow" "int dmincol" "int dmaxrow" "int dmaxcol" "int overlay"
.De
Copies the contents of the window
.Vn src
starting at (
.Vn sminrow ,
.Vn smincol )
to the destination window
.Vn dst
starting at (
.Vn dminrow ,
.Vn dmincol )
and ending at either the end of the source window or (
.Vn dmaxrow ,
.Vn dmaxcol )
whichever is the lesser.  The parameter
.Vn overlay
determines the nature of the copy.  If 
.Vn overlay
is TRUE then only the non-space characters from
.Vn src
are copied to
.Vn dst .
If 
.Vn overlay
is FALSE then all characters are copied from
.Vn src
to
.Vn dst.
.Ds
.Fn curs_set "int visibility"
.De
Sets the visibility of the screen cursor.  The parameter
.Vn visibility
can be one of three values, 0 means make the cursor invisible, 1 means
set the cursor to normal visibility and 2 sets the cursor to high
visibility.  In all cases the old mode of the cursor is returned if
the call was successful and
.b ERR
is returned if the terminal cannot support the requested visibility
mode.
.Ds
.Fn crmode "" \(dg
.De
Identical to
.Fn cbreak .
The misnamed macro
.Fn crmode
and
.Fn nocrmode
is retained for backwards compatibility
with ealier versions of the library.
.Ds
.Fn delay_output "int ms"
.De
Pause output for
.Vn ms
milliseconds using the terminal pad character.
.Ds
.Fn def_prog_mode ""
.De
Save the current terminal modes as the \'in curses\' state for use with
.Fn reset_prog_mode .
.Ds
.Fn def_shell_mode ""
.De
Save the current terminal modes as the \'not in curses\' state for use with
.Fn reset_shell_mode .
.Ds
.Fn define_key "char *sequence" "int key_symbol" 
.De
Assigns the character sequence given in
.Vn sequence
to the key symbol
.Vn key_symbol .
If 
.Fn keypad
has set been set TRUE and the character sequence is found in the input
stream then the key symbol defined will be returned.  Normally the
sequences are found in the
.b termcap
database but this function allows extensions to be added by the
application.  If 
.Vn sequence
is a NULL pointer then all the sequences associated with
.Vn key_symbol
will be removed, including any definitions inserted by
.b termcap .
.Ds
.Fn delch ""
.De
Delete the character at the current \*y.
Each character after it on the line shifts to the left,
and the last character becomes blank.
.Ds
.Fn deleteln ""
.De
Delete the current line.
Every line below the current one will move up,
and the bottom line will become blank.
The current \*y will remain unchanged.
.Ds
.Fn delscreen "SCREEN *screen"
.De
Delete the screen and frees all associated resources.
.Ds
.Fn delwin "WINDOW *win"
.De
Deletes the window from existence.
All resources are freed for future use by
.b calloc (3).
If a window has a
.Fn subwin
allocated window inside of it,
deleting the outer window
the subwindow is not affected,
even though this does invalidate it.
Therefore,
subwindows should be deleted before their
outer windows are.
.Ds
.Fn derwin "WINDOW *orig" "int nlines" "int ncols" "int by" "int bx"
.De
Performs a function very similar to that of
.Fn subwin .
The difference being that with
.Fn derwin
the origin of the child window given by (
.Vn by ,
.Vn bx )
is relative to the origin of the parent window
.Vn orig
instead of being absolute screen coordinates as they are in
.Fn subwin .
.Ds
.Fn doupdate ""
.De
Synchronize the terminal screen with the virtual screen that
has had window contents added to it by calls to
.Fn wnoutrefresh .
.Ds
.Fn dupwin "WINDOW *win"
.De
Creates an exact copy of the window
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Fn echo "" \(dg
.De
Sets the terminal to echo characters.
.Ds
.Fn echochar "const chtype ch" \(dg
.De
Add the character
.Vn ch
on the window
at the current \*y and immediately refresh the window.
.Ds
.Fn endwin ""
.De
Finish up window routines before exit.
This restores the terminal to the state it was before
.Fn initscr
(or
.Fn gettmode
and
.Fn setterm )
was called.
It should always be called before exiting and before the final calls to
.Fn delwin .
It does not exit.
This is especially useful for resetting tty stats
when trapping rubouts via
.b signal (2).
.Ds
.Fn erase "" \(dg
.De
Erases the window to blanks without setting the clear flag.
This is analagous to
.Fn clear ,
except that it never causes a clear-screen sequence to be generated
on a
.Fn refresh .
\*(Nm
.Ds
.Fn erasechar "" \(dg
.De
Returns the erase character
for the terminal,
.i i.e. ,
the character used by the user to erase a single character from the input.
.Ds
.Fn flash ""
.De
Flash the terminal screen.  If the terminal has no flash capability,
but has the ability to sound the bell, do that instead.  See also
.Fn bell
.Ds
.Fn flushinp ""
.De
Throw away any input that has been typed by the user but has not yet
been read by the program.
.Ds
.Fn flushok "WINDOW *win" "int boolf"
.De
Normally,
.Fn refresh
.Fn fflush 's
.Vn stdout
when it is finished.
.Fn flushok
allows you to control this.
if
.Vn boolf
is non-zero
(\c
.i i.e. ,
non-zero)
it will do the
.Fn fflush ,
otherwise it will not.
.Ds
.Fn getattrs "WINDOW *win"
.De
Gets the attributes for
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Fn getbkgd "WINDOW *win"
.De
Gets the background rendition for
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Fn getcap "char *name"
.De
Get the terminal capability
.Vn name .
.Ds
.Fn getch "" \(dg
.De
Gets a character from the terminal and (if necessary)
echos it on the window.
\*(Es
Otherwise, the character gotten is returned.
If
.i noecho
has been set, then the window is left unaltered.
In order to retain control of the terminal,
it is necessary to have one of
.i noecho ,
.i cbreak ,
or
.i rawmode
set.
If you do not set one,
whatever routine you call to read characters will set
.i cbreak
for you,
and then reset to the original mode when finished.
.Ds
.Fn getcury "WINDOW *win"
.De
Get current y position on
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Fn getcurx "WINDOW *win"
.De
Get current x position on
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Fn getbegy "WINDOW *win"
.De
Get start y position on
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Fn getbegx "WINDOW *win"
.De
Get start x position on
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Fn getmaxy "WINDOW *win"
.De
Get maximum y position on
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Fn getmaxx "WINDOW *win"
.De
Get maximum x position on
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Fn getnstr "char *str" \(dg
.De
Get a string through the window
and put it in the location pointed to by
.Vn str .
A maximum of
.Vn n
characters is returned (including the trailing null).
It sets tty modes if necessary,
and then calls
.Fn getch
(or
.Fn wgetch )
to get the characters needed to fill in the string
until a newline or EOF is encountered.
The newline stripped off the string.
\*(Es
.Ds
.Fn getstr "char *str" \(dg
.De
Get a string through the window
and put it in the location pointed to by
.Vn str ,
which is assumed to be large enough to handle it.
It sets tty modes if necessary,
and then calls
.Fn getch
(or
.Fn wgetch )
to get the characters needed to fill in the string
until a newline or EOF is encountered.
The newline stripped off the string.
\*(Es
.Ds
.Fn getparx "WINDOW *win"
.De
Returns the x location of the given subwindow relative to the parent
window.  If the window is not a subwindow then -1 is returned.
.Ds
.Fn getpary "WINDOW *win"
.De
Returns the y location of the given subwindow relative to the parent
window.  If the window is not a subwindow then -1 is returned.
.Ds
.Fn getpary "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x"
.De
Is a macro that sets the 
.Vn y
and
.Vn x
parameters to the respective coordinates of the top left hand corner
of the subwindow relative to the parent window.  If the given window
.Vn win
is not a subwindow then both
.Vn y
and 
.Vn x
will be set to -1.
.Ds
.Fn gettmode ""
.De
Get the tty stats.
This is normally called by
.Fn initscr .
.Ds 
.Fn getwin "FILE *fp"
.De
Creates a window from a file written by
.Fn putwin .
.Ds
.Fn getyx "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x"
.De
Puts the current \*y of
.Vn win
in the variables
.Vn y
and
.Vn x .
Since it is a macro,
not a function,
you do not pass the address
of
.Vn y
and
.Vn x .
.Ds
.Fn halfdelay "int timeout"
.De
Sets the terminal into a mode similar to that done by
.Fn cbreak
with the exception that the input routines will wait for
.Vn timeout
number of tenths of a second, if at this time there is no input then
ERR will be returned.
.Ds
.Fn has_colors ""
.De
Check if terminal has colors.
.Ds
.Fn hline "chtype ch" "int count"
.De
Draw a horizontal line of the character ch starting at the current
cursor position and moving towards the rightmost column.  At most
.Vn count
characters will be written, less if the edge of the screen is reached
before 
.Vn count
is reached.
.Ds
.Fn idcok "WINDOW *win" "int boolf"
.De
Reserved for future use.
This will eventually signal to
.Fn refresh
that it is all right to use the insert and delete char sequences
when updating the window.
.Ds
.Fn idlok "WINDOW *win" "int boolf"
.De
Reserved for future use.
This will eventually signal to
.Fn refresh
that it is all right to use the insert and delete line sequences
when updating the window.
.ne 1i
.Ds
.Fn inch "" \(dg
.De
Returns the character at the current position on the given window.
This does not make any changes to the window.
.Ds
.Fn inchnstr "chtype *chstr" "int n"
.De
Get an array of at most
.Vn n
characters and renditions starting at the current cursor position and
ending at the end of the line and put it in the location pointed to by
.Vn chstr .
.Ds
.Fn inchstr "chtype *chstr"
.De
Get an array of characters and renditions starting at the current cursor
position and ending at the end of the line and put it in the location
pointed to by
.Vn chstr ,
which is assumed to be large enough to handle it.
.Ds
.Fn innstr "char *str" "int n"
.De
Get a string of at most
.Vn n
characters starting at the current cursor position and ending at the end
of the line and put it in the location pointed to by
.Vn str .
.Ds
.Fn init_color "short color" "short red" "short green" "short blue"
.De
Set the red, green and blue values of color
.Vn color .
.Ds
.Fn init_pair "short pair" "short fore" "short back"
.De
Set the foreground and background colors of pair
.Vn pair .
.Ds
.Fn initscr ""
.De
Initialize the screen routines.
This must be called before any of the screen routines are used.
It initializes the terminal-type data and such,
and without it none of the routines can operate.
If standard input is not a tty,
it sets the specifications to the terminal
whose name is pointed to by
.Vn Def\*_term
(initially "dumb").
If the boolean
.Vn My\*_term
is non-zero,
.Vn Def\*_term
is always used.
If the system supports the
.b TIOCGWINSZ
.i ioctl(2)
call,
it is used to get the number of lines and columns for the terminal,
otherwise it is taken from the
.b termcap
description.
.Ds
.Fn insch "char c"
.De
Insert
.Vn c
at the current \*y
Each character after it shifts to the right,
and the last character disappears.
\*(Es
.Ds
.Fn insdelln "int n"
.De
If
.Vn n
is positive insert
.Vn n
lines above the current one.
Every line below the current line
will be shifted down,
and the last
.Vn n
lines will disappear.
If
.Vn n
is negative, delete
.Vn n
lines starting from the current one.
The last
.Vn n
lines are cleared.
The current \*y will remain unchanged.
.Ds
.Fn insertln ""
.De
Insert a line above the current one.
Every line below the current line
will be shifted down,
and the bottom line will disappear.
The current line will become blank,
and the current \*y will remain unchanged.
.Ds
.Fn instr "char *str"
.De
Get an string starting at the current cursor position and ending at the
end of the line and put it in the location pointed to by
.Vn str ,
which is assumed to be large enough to handle it.
.Ds
.Fn is_linetouched "WINDOW *win" "int line"
.De
Returns TRUE if 
.Vn line
in the window
.Vn win
has been modified since the last call to
.Fn wrefresh .
.Ds
.Fn is_wintouched "WINDOW *win" "int line"
.De
Returns TRUE if the window
.Vn win
has been modified since the last call to
.Fn wrefresh .
.Ds
.Fn isendwin ""
.De
Returns TRUE if
.Fn endwin
has been called without a subsequent call to
.Fn wrefresh ,
and FALSE otherwise.
.Ds
.Fn intrflush "WINDOW *win" "int boolf"
.De
Sets the terminal flush on interrupt mode.  If
.Vn boolf
is non-zero, flushing of the output buffer will occur when an
interrupt key is pressed.  The default is inherited from the
terminal settings.
.Ds
.Fn keyok "int key_symbol" "bool flag"
.De
Controls the recognition of the key symbol
.Vn key_symbol .
By setting
.Vn flag
to FALSE the recognition of any sequence of characters
that have been associated with the key symbol will be disabled.
By default, this flag is TRUE so sequences will be recognised.
.Ds
.Fn keyname "int key"
.De
Returns a description of the key
.Vn key .
.Ds
.Fn keypad "WINDOW *win" "int boolf"
.De
Sets the boolean flag for interpretation of escape sequences.  If
.Vn boolf
is non-zero, escape sequences from terminal keypad and function
keys will be interpreted by the library.  Escape sequences are not
interpreted by default.  The include file
.b <curses.h>
contains the list of recognised keypad and function keys.  See also
.Fn notimeout .
.Ds
.Fn killchar "" \(dg
.De
Returns the line kill character
for the terminal,
.i i.e. ,
the character used by the user to erase an entire line from the input.
.Ds
.Fn leaveok "WINDOW *win" "int boolf" \(dg
.De
Sets the boolean flag for leaving the cursor after the last change.
If
.Vn boolf
is non-zero,
the cursor will be left after the last update on the terminal,
and the current \*y for
.Vn win
will be changed accordingly.
If
.Vn boolf
 is 0 the cursor will be moved to the current \*y.
This flag
(initially 0)
retains its value until changed by the user.
.Ds
.Fn longname "" \(dg
.De
Returns a string containing the verbose description of the terminal.
.Ds
.Fn meta "WINDOW *win" "bool bf"
.De
Manipulates the meta mode on terminals that support this capability.
Note that 
.Vn win
is always ignored.
.Ds
.Fn move "int y" "int x"
.De
Change the current \*y of the window to
.Vn y\*,x ). (
\*(Es
.Ds
.Fn mvaddch "int y" "int x" "chtype ch"
.De
Moves the cursor to the position
.Vn (y ,
.Vn x )
and then adds a character in the same manner as
.Fn addch .
.Ds
.Fn mvaddchstr "int y" "int x" "chtype *str" \(dg
.De
Moves the cursor to the position
.Vn (y ,
.Vn x )
and then adds characters and attributes in the same manner as
.Fn addchstr .
.Ds
.Fn mvaddchnstr "int y" "int x" "chtype *str" \(dg
.De
Moves the cursor to the position
.Vn (y ,
.Vn x )
and then adds characters and attributes in the same manner as
.Fn addchnstr .
.Ds
.Fn mvaddstr "int y" "int x" "char *str" \(dg
.De
Moves the cursor to the position
.Vn (y ,
.Vn x )
and then adds a string in the same manner as
.Fn addstr .
.Ds
.Fn mvaddnstr "int y" "int x" "char *str" \(dg
.De
Moves the cursor to the position
.Vn (y ,
.Vn x )
and then adds a string in the same manner as
.Fn addnstr .
.Ds
.Fn mvcur "int lasty" "int lastx" "int newy" "int newx"
.De
Moves the terminal's cursor from
.Vn lasty\*,lastx ) (
to
.Vn newy\*,newx ) (
in an approximation of optimal fashion.
This routine uses the functions borrowed from
.i ex
version 2.6.
It is possible to use this optimization
without the benefit of the screen routines.
With the screen routines, this should not be called by the user.
.Fn move
and
.Fn refresh
should be used to move the cursor position,
so that the routines know what's going on.
.Ds
.Fn mvderwin "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x"
.De
Moves the subwindow
.Vn win
to the location
.Vn y\*,x ) (
where the location is relative to the top left hand corner of the
parent window.  This call will return ERR if 
.Vn win
is not a subwindow or if the relocated window would lie outside the
parent window.
.Ds
.Fn mvhline "int y" "int x" "chtype ch" "int count"
.De
Moves the cursor to the position
.Vn (y ,
.Vn x )
and then draws a horizontal line in the same manner as
.Fn hline .
.Ds
.Fn mvprintw "int y" "int x" "const char *fmt" "..."
.De
Equivalent to:
.(l
move(y, x);
printw(fmt, ...);
.)l
.Ds
.Fn mvscanw "int y" "int x" "const char *fmt" "..."
.De
Equivalent to:
.(l
move(y, x);
scanw(fmt, ...);
.)l
.Ds
.Fn mvvline "int y" "int x" "chtype ch" "int count"
.De
Moves the cursor to the position
.Vn (y ,
.Vn x )
and then draws a vertical line in the same manner as
.Fn vline .
.Ds
.Fn mvwhline "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "chtype ch" "int count"
.De
Moves the cursor to the position
.Vn (y ,
.Vn x )
on window 
.Vn win
and then draws a horizontal line in the same manner as
.Fn whline .
.Ds
.Fn mvwvline "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "chtype ch" "int count"
.De
Moves the cursor to the position
.Vn (y ,
.Vn x )
on window 
.Vn win
and then draws a horizontal line in the same manner as
.Fn wvline .
.Ds
.Fn mvwin "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x"
.De
Move the home position of the window
.Vn win
from its current starting coordinates
to
.Vn y\*,x ). (
If that would put part or all of the window
off the edge of the terminal screen,
.Fn mvwin
returns ERR and does not change anything.
For subwindows,
.Fn mvwin
also returns ERR if you attempt to move it off its main window.
If you move a main window,
all subwindows are moved along with it.
.Ds
.Fn mvwprintw "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "const char *fmt" "..."
.De
Equivalent to:
.(l
wmove(win, y, x);
printw(fmt, ...);
.)l
.Ds
.Fn mvwscanw "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "const char *fmt" "..."
.De
Equivalent to:
.(l
wmove(win, y, x);
scanw(fmt, ...);
.)l
.Ds
.Fn napms "int ms"
.De
Sleep for
.Vn ms
milliseconds.
.Ds
.Ft "WINDOW *"
.Fn newpad "int lines" "int cols"
.De
Create a new pad with
.Vn lines
lines and
.Vn cols
columns.
.Ds
.Ft "SCREEN *"
.Fn newterm "char *type" "FILE *outfd" "FILE *infd"
.De
Iinitialise the curses subsystem to use the terminal of type
.Vn type
connected via the input and output streams
.Vn infd,outfd. 
The 
.Fn newterm
is used in multi-terminal applications and returns a pointer to a
.Ft "SCREEN"
structure that holds the state for that particular terminal.  The
application may swap between the terminals by calling the
.Fn set_term
function.  If the 
.Vn type
parameter is NULL then the $TERM variable is used as the terminal type.
.Ds
.Ft "WINDOW *"
.Fn newwin "int lines" "int cols" "int begin_y" "int begin_x"
.De
Create a new window with
.Vn lines
lines and
.Vn cols
columns starting at position
.Vn begin\*_y\*,begin\*_x ). (
If either
.Vn lines
or
.Vn cols
is 0 (zero),
that dimension will be set to
.Vn "LINES \- begin\*_y" ) (
or
.Vn "COLS \- begin\*_x" ) (
respectively.
Thus, to get a new window of dimensions
.Vn LINES
\(mu
.Vn COLS ,
use
.Fn newwin 0 0 0 0 .
.Ds
.Fn nl ""
.De
Set the terminal to nl mode,
.i i.e. ,
start/stop the system from mapping
.b <RETURN>
to
.b <LINE-FEED> .
If the mapping is not done,
.Fn refresh
can do more optimization,
so it is recommended, but not required, to turn it off.
.Ds
.Fn no_color_video ""
.De
Return attributes that cannot be combined with color.
.Ds
.Fn nocbreak ""
.De
Unset the terminal from cbreak mode.
.Ds
.Fn nocrmode "" \(dg
.De
Identical to
.Fn nocbreak .
The misnamed macro
.Fn nocrmode
is retained for backwards compatibility
with ealier versions of the library.
.Ds
.Fn nodelay "WINDOW *win1" "int boolf"
.De
Sets the boolean flag for non-blocking
.Fn getch .
If
.Vn boolf
is non-zero,
.Fn getch
will return ERR is no input is waiting.  The default
is to for
.Fn getch
to block indefinitely.  See also
.Fn timeout .
.Ds
.Fn noecho "" \(dg
.De
Turn echoing of characters off.
.Ds
.Fn nonl ""
.De
Unset the terminal to from nl mode.  See
.Fn nl .
.ne 1i
.Ds
.Fn noqiflush \(dg
.De
Unset the terminal flush on interrupt mode.
This is equivalent to
.Fn intrflush stdscr FALSE .
.Ds
.Fn noraw ""
.De
Unset the terminal from raw mode.  See
.Fn raw .
.Ds
.Fn notimeout "WINDOW *win1" "int boolf"
.De
Sets the boolean flag for inter-key timeouts
for escape sequences interpreted when
.Fn keypad
is set.
By default,
.Fn keypad
sets a timer while waiting for the next character of
an escape sequence.
If
.Vn boolf
is non-zero,
.Fn getch
will wait indefinitely between escape sequence characters,
or until a delay set by
.Fn timeout
expires.
.Ds
.Fn overlay "WINDOW *win1" "WINDOW *win2"
.De
Overlay
.Vn win1
on
.Vn win2 .
The contents of
.Vn win1 ,
insofar as they fit,
are placed on
.Vn win2
at their starting \*y.
This is done non-destructively,
i.e., blanks on
.Vn win1
leave the contents of the space on
.Vn win2
untouched.  Note that all non-blank characters are overwritten
destructively in the overlay.
.Ds
.Fn overwrite "WINDOW *win1" "WINDOW *win2"
.De
Overwrite
.Vn win1
on
.Vn win2 .
The contents of
.Vn win1 ,
insofar as they fit,
are placed on
.Vn win2
at their starting \*y.
This is done destructively,
.i i.e. ,
blanks on
.Vn win1
become blank on
.Vn win2 .
.Ds
.Fn pair_content "short pair" "short *fore" "short *back"
.De
Get the foreground and background colors of pair
.Vn pair .
.Ds
.Fn pechochar "const chtype ch" \(dg
.De
Add the character
.Vn ch
on the pad
at the current \*y and immediately refresh the pad.
.Ds 
.Fn pnoutrefresh "WINDOW *pad" "int pbeg_y" "int pbeg_x" "int sbeg_y" "int sbeg_x" "int smax_y" "int smax_x"
.De    
Add the pad contents to a virtual screen.  Several pads can be added
before a call to
.Fn doupdate ,
thus allowing the screen to updated in an efficient manner.
.Ds
.Fn prefresh "WINDOW *pad" "int pbeg_y" "int pbeg_x" "int sbeg_y" "int sbeg_x" "int smax_y" "int smax_x"
.De 
Synchronize the terminal screen with the desired pad.
.Ds
.Fn printw "char *fmt" "..."
.De
Performs a
.Fn printf
on the window starting at the current \*y.
It uses
.Fn addstr
to add the string on the window.
It is often advisable to use the field width options of
.Fn printf
to avoid leaving things on the window from earlier calls.
\*(Es
.Ds 
.Fn putwin "WINDOW *win" "FILE *fp"
.De
Writes the window data to a file.
.Ds
.Fn qiflush \(dg
.De
Set the terminal flush on interrupt mode.
This is equivalent to
.Fn intrflush stdscr TRUE .
.Ds
.Fn raw ""
.De
Set the terminal to raw mode.
On version 7
.Un \**
.(f
\**
.Un
is a trademark of Unix System Laboratories.
.)f
this also turns off newline mapping
(see
.Fn nl ).
.Ds
.Fn redrawwin "WINDOW *win" \(dg
.De
Mark the entire window as having been corrupted.
This is equivalent to the
.Fn touchwin
function.
.Ds
.Fn refresh "" \(dg
.De
Synchronize the terminal screen with the desired window.
If the window is not a screen,
only that part covered by it is updated.
\*(Es
In this case, it will update whatever it can
without causing the scroll.
.sp
As a special case,
if
.Fn wrefresh
is called with the window
.Vn curscr
the screen is cleared
and repainted as it is currently.
This is very useful for allowing the redrawing of the screen
when the user has garbage dumped on his terminal.
.Ds
.Fn reset_prog_mode ""
.De
Restore the terminal to the \'in curses\' state.
.Ds
.Fn reset_shell_mode ""
.De
Restore the terminal to the \'not in curses\' state.
.Ds
.Fn resetty "" \(dg
.De
.Fn resetty
restores them to what
.Fn savetty
stored.
These functions are performed automatically by
.Fn initscr
and
.Fn endwin .
This function should not be used by the user.
.Ds
.Fn resizeterm "int lines" "int columns" \(dg
.De
Resizes the curses terminal to the given size.  All internal curses
structures are resized to the new dimensions and all curses windows that
would have boundaries outside the new terminal size will be resized to fit
within the new boundaries.  All windows will be cleared and it is expected
that the application will redraw the window contents.
.Ds
.Fn savetty "" \(dg
.De
.Fn savetty
saves the current tty characteristic flags. See
.Fn resetty .
This function should not be used by the user.
.Ds
.Fn scanw "char *fmt" "..."
.De
Perform a
.Fn scanf
through the window using
.Vn fmt .
It does this using consecutive calls to
.Fn getch
(or
.Fn wgetch ).
\*(Es
.ne 1i
.Ds
.Fn scrl "int n"
.De
Scroll the window by
.Vn n
lines. If
.Vn n
is positive, scroll upward, otherwise
scroll downward.
.Ds
.Fn scroll "WINDOW *win"
.De
Scroll the window upward one line.
This is normally not used by the user.
.Ds
.Fn scrollok "WINDOW *win" "int boolf" \(dg
.De
Set the scroll flag for the given window.
If
.Vn boolf
is 0, scrolling is not allowed.
This is its default setting.
.Ds
.Ft "SCREEN *"
.Fn set_term "SCREEN *new"
.De
Sets the current screen for input and output to be the one given.  The 
.Vn new
structure must be one that has been previously created by the 
.Fn newterm
function.  The 
.Fn set_term
function returns the previous screen on successful completion.
.Ds
.Fn standend "" \(dg
.De
End standout mode initiated by
.Fn standout .
This function is provided for compatibility
with older curses implementations.
.Ds
.Fn standout "" \(dg
.De
Causes any characters added to the window
to be put in standout mode on the terminal
(if it has that capability).  This function
is provided for compatibility with older curses
implementations.  A larger range of character
attributes supported by modern terminals can be
accessed using
.Fn attron
and
.Fn attrset .
.Ds
.Fn start_color ""
.De
Initialize the color routines. 
This must be called before any of the color routines are used.
The terminal is setup to use the curses default colors of white foreground
on black background, unless
.Fn assume_default_colors
or
.Fn use_default_colors
are called.
.Ds
.Ft "WINDOW *"
.Fn subpad "WINDOW *win" "int lines" "int cols" "int begin_y" "int begin_x"
.De
Create a new pad with
.Vn lines
lines and
.Vn cols
columns starting at position
.Vn begin\*_y\*,begin\*_x ) (
inside the pad
.i win .
This means that any change made to either pad
in the area covered
by the subpad will be made on both pads.
.Vn begin\*_y\*,begin\*_x
are specified relative to the relative (0\*,0) of
.Vn win .
.Ds
.Ft "WINDOW *"
.Fn subwin "WINDOW *win" "int lines" "int cols" "int begin_y" "int begin_x"
.De
Create a new window with
.Vn lines
lines and
.Vn cols
columns starting at position
.Vn begin\*_y\*,begin\*_x ) (
inside the window
.i win .
This means that any change made to either window
in the area covered
by the subwindow will be made on both windows.
.Vn begin\*_y\*,begin\*_x
are specified relative to the overall screen,
not the relative (0\*,0) of
.Vn win .
If either
.Vn lines
or
.Vn cols
is 0 (zero),
that dimension will be set to
.Vn "LINES \- begin\*_y" ) (
or
.Vn "COLS \- begin\*_x" ) (
respectively.
.Ds
.Fn termattrs ""
.De
Returns the attributes that can be applied to the screen.
.Ds
.Fn term_attrs ""
.De
Returns the wide attributes that can be applied to the screen.
.Ds
.Fn timeout "int delay" \(dg
.De
Sets blocking or non-blocking
.Fn getch .
If
.Vn delay
is positive,
.Fn getch
will block for
.Vn delay
milliseconds before returning.  If
.Vn delay
is zero,
.Fn getch
will return ERR is no input is waiting.  If
.Vn delay
is negative,
.Fn getch
will block indefinitely.  See also
.Fn keypad ,
.Fn nodelay
and
.Fn notimeout .
.Ds
.Fn touchline "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int startx" "int endx"
.De
This function performs a function similar to
.Fn touchwin
on a single line.
It marks the first change for the given line
to be
.Vn startx ,
if it is before the current first change mark,
and
the last change mark is set to be
.Vn endx
if it is currently less than
.Vn endx .
.Ds
.Fn touchoverlap "WINDOW *win1" "WINDOW *win2"
.De
Touch the window
.Vn win2
in the area which overlaps with
.Vn win1 .
If they do not overlap,
no changes are made.
.Ds
.Fn touchwin "WINDOW *win"
.De
Make it appear that the every location on the window
has been changed.
This is usually only needed for refreshes with overlapping windows.
.Ds
.Fn tstp
.De
This function
will save the current tty state
and then put the process to sleep.
When the process gets restarted,
it restores the saved tty state
and then calls
.Fn wrefresh "curscr"
to redraw the screen.
.Fn Initscr
sets the signal
SIGTSTP
to trap to this routine.
.Ds
.Fn unctrl "char *ch" \(dg
.De
Returns a string which is an ASCII representation of
.Vn ch .
Characters are 8 bits long.
.Ds
.Fn unctrllen "char *ch" \(dg
.De
Returns the length of the ASCII representation of
.Vn ch .
.ne 1i
.Ds
.Fn underend "" \(dg
.De
End underscore mode initiated by
.Fn underscore .
This is equivalent to
.Fn attroff "A_UNDERLINE" .
.Ds
.Fn underscore "" \(dg
.De
Causes any characters added to the window
to be put in underscore mode on the terminal
(if it has that capability).
This is equivalent to
.Fn attron "A_UNDERLINE" .
.Ds
.Fn ungetch "int c"
.De
Places the contents of
.Vn c
converted to a character back into the input queue.  Only one
character of push back before a subsequent call to
.Fn getch
or
.Fn wgetch
is guaranteed to function correctly.  The results of attempting more
than one character of push back is undefined.
.Ds
.Fn untouchwin "WINDOW *win"
.De
Make the window appear to have not been updated even if it has been.
.Ds
.Fn use_default_colors ""
.De
Use the terminal foreground and background colors as the curses default
foreground and background colors.
.Ds
.Fn vline "chtype ch" "int count"
.De
Draws a vertical line of character
.Vn ch
starting at the current cursor location and moving towards the bottom
of the screen.  At most
.Vn count
characters are drawn, less if the bottom of the screen is reached
before
.Vn count
expires.
.Ds
.Fn vwprintw "WINDOW *win" "const char *fmt" "va_list ap"
.De
Identical to
.Fn printw
except that it takes both a window specification and a pointer to a variable
length argument list.
.Ds
.Fn vwscanw "WINDOW *win" "const char *fmt" "va_list ap"
.De
Identical to
.Fn scanw
except that it takes both a window specification and a pointer to a variable
length argument list.
.Ds
.Fn wnoutrefresh "WINDOW *win"
.De
Add the window contents to a virtual screen.  Several windows can be added
before a call to
.Fn doupdate ,
thus allowing the screen to updated in an efficient manner.
.Ds
.Fn wredrawln "WINDOW *win" "int line" "int n" \(dg
.De
Mark
.Vn n
lines starting at
.Vn line
in the window as corrupted.
This is equivalent to
.Fn wtouchln "win" "line" "n" "1" .
.Ds
.Fn wresize "WINDOW *win" "int lines" "int columns"
.De
Resize the specified window to the given dimensions.  The window will be
cleared and the application is expected to redraw the window contents.
.Ds
.Fn wtouchln "WINDOW *win" "int line" "int n" "int changed"
.De
If 
.Vn changed
is 1 then 
.Vn n
lines starting at
.Vn line
in the window are touched.  If
.Vn changed
is 0 then 
.Vn n
lines starting at
.Vn line
in the window are untouched.
.sp 2
.pp
\fIThe following functions differ from the standard functions only in their
specification of a window, rather than the use of the default
.Vn stdscr.\fP
.Ds
.Fn waddbytes "WINDOW *win" "char* str" "int len"
.Fn waddch "WINDOW *win" "chtype ch"
.Fn waddchnstr "WINDOW *win" "chtype *str" "int len"
.Fn waddchstr "WINDOW *win" "chtype *str" "int len"
.Fn waddnstr "WINDOW *win" "char *str" "int len"
.Fn waddstr "WINDOW *win" "char *str"
.Fn wattroff "WINDOW *win" "int attr"
.Fn wattron "WINDOW *win" "int attr"
.Fn wattrset "WINDOW *win" "int attr"
.Fn wbkgd "WINDOW *win" "chtype ch"
.Fn wbkgdset "WINDOW *win" "chtype ch"
.Fn wborder "WINDOW *win" "chtype left" "chtype right" "chtype top" "chtype bottom" "chtype topleft" "chtype topright" "chtype botleft" "chtype botright"
.Fn wclear "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wclrtobot "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wclrtoeol "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wdelch "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wdeleteln "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wechochar "WINDOW *win" "chtype ch"
.Fn werase "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wgetch "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wgetnstr "WINDOW *win" "char *str" "int len"
.Fn wgetstr "WINDOW *win" "char *str"
.Fn whline "WINDOW *win" "chtype ch" "int count"
.Fn winch "WINDOW *win" \(dg
.Fn winchnstr "WINDOW *win" "chtype *chstr" "int n"
.Fn winchstr "WINDOW *win" "chtype *chstr"
.Fn winnstr "WINDOW *win" "char *str" "int n"
.Fn winsch "WINDOW *win" "char c"
.Fn winsdelln "WINDOW *win" "int n"
.Fn winsertln "WINDOW *win"
.Fn winstr "WINDOW *win" "char *str"
.Fn wmove "WINDOW *win" "int y" int x"
.Fn wprintw "WINDOW *win" "char *fmt" "..."
.Fn wrefresh "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wscanw "WINDOW *win" "char *fmt" "..."
.Fn wscrl "WINDOW *win" "int n"
.Fn wstandend "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wstandout "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wtimeout "WINDOW *win" "int delay"
.Fn wunderend "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wunderscore "WINDOW *win"
.Fn wvline "WINDOW *win" "chtype ch" "int count"
.Fn mvwaddch "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "chtype ch"
.Fn mvwaddchstr "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "chtype *str" \(dg
.Fn mvwaddchnstr "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "chtype *str" \(dg
.Fn mvwaddnstr "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "char *str" "int len"
.Fn mvwaddstr "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "char *str"
.Fn mvwgetnstr "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "char *str" "int len"
.Fn mvwgetstr "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "char *str"
.Fn mvwhline "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "chtype ch" "int count"
.Fn mvwvline "WINDOW *win" "int y" "int x" "chtype ch" "int count"

.Dg