Training courses

Kernel and Embedded Linux

Bootlin training courses

Embedded Linux, kernel,
Yocto Project, Buildroot, real-time,
graphics, boot time, debugging...

Bootlin logo

Elixir Cross Referencer

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
/*	$NetBSD: pcap-usb-linux.c,v 1.5 2018/09/03 15:26:43 christos Exp $	*/

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2006 Paolo Abeni (Italy)
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote
 * products derived from this software without specific prior written
 * permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
 * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
 * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 * USB sniffing API implementation for Linux platform
 * By Paolo Abeni <paolo.abeni@email.it>
 * Modifications: Kris Katterjohn <katterjohn@gmail.com>
 *
 */
 
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__RCSID("$NetBSD: pcap-usb-linux.c,v 1.5 2018/09/03 15:26:43 christos Exp $");

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif

#include "pcap-int.h"
#include "pcap-usb-linux.h"
#include "pcap/usb.h"

#ifdef NEED_STRERROR_H
#include "strerror.h"
#endif

#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <byteswap.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_USBDEVICE_FS_H
/*
 * We might need <linux/compiler.h> to define __user for
 * <linux/usbdevice_fs.h>.
 */
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_COMPILER_H
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#endif /* HAVE_LINUX_COMPILER_H */
#include <linux/usbdevice_fs.h>
#endif /* HAVE_LINUX_USBDEVICE_FS_H */

#define USB_IFACE "usbmon"
#define USB_TEXT_DIR_OLD "/sys/kernel/debug/usbmon"
#define USB_TEXT_DIR "/sys/kernel/debug/usb/usbmon"
#define SYS_USB_BUS_DIR "/sys/bus/usb/devices"
#define PROC_USB_BUS_DIR "/proc/bus/usb"
#define USB_LINE_LEN 4096

#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
#define htols(s) s
#define htoll(l) l
#define htol64(ll) ll
#else
#define htols(s) bswap_16(s)
#define htoll(l) bswap_32(l)
#define htol64(ll) bswap_64(ll)
#endif

struct mon_bin_stats {
	uint32_t queued;
	uint32_t dropped;
};

struct mon_bin_get {
	pcap_usb_header *hdr;
	void *data;
	size_t data_len;   /* Length of data (can be zero) */
};

struct mon_bin_mfetch {
	int32_t *offvec;   /* Vector of events fetched */
	int32_t nfetch;    /* Number of events to fetch (out: fetched) */
	int32_t nflush;    /* Number of events to flush */
};

#define MON_IOC_MAGIC 0x92

#define MON_IOCQ_URB_LEN _IO(MON_IOC_MAGIC, 1)
#define MON_IOCX_URB  _IOWR(MON_IOC_MAGIC, 2, struct mon_bin_hdr)
#define MON_IOCG_STATS _IOR(MON_IOC_MAGIC, 3, struct mon_bin_stats)
#define MON_IOCT_RING_SIZE _IO(MON_IOC_MAGIC, 4)
#define MON_IOCQ_RING_SIZE _IO(MON_IOC_MAGIC, 5)
#define MON_IOCX_GET   _IOW(MON_IOC_MAGIC, 6, struct mon_bin_get)
#define MON_IOCX_MFETCH _IOWR(MON_IOC_MAGIC, 7, struct mon_bin_mfetch)
#define MON_IOCH_MFLUSH _IO(MON_IOC_MAGIC, 8)

#define MON_BIN_SETUP 	0x1 /* setup hdr is present*/
#define MON_BIN_SETUP_ZERO 	0x2 /* setup buffer is not available */
#define MON_BIN_DATA_ZERO 	0x4 /* data buffer is not available */
#define MON_BIN_ERROR 	0x8

/*
 * Private data for capturing on Linux USB.
 */
struct pcap_usb_linux {
	u_char *mmapbuf;	/* memory-mapped region pointer */
	size_t mmapbuflen;	/* size of region */
	int bus_index;
	u_int packets_read;
};

/* forward declaration */
static int usb_activate(pcap_t *);
static int usb_stats_linux(pcap_t *, struct pcap_stat *);
static int usb_stats_linux_bin(pcap_t *, struct pcap_stat *);
static int usb_read_linux(pcap_t *, int , pcap_handler , u_char *);
static int usb_read_linux_bin(pcap_t *, int , pcap_handler , u_char *);
static int usb_read_linux_mmap(pcap_t *, int , pcap_handler , u_char *);
static int usb_inject_linux(pcap_t *, const void *, size_t);
static int usb_setdirection_linux(pcap_t *, pcap_direction_t);
static void usb_cleanup_linux_mmap(pcap_t *);

static int
have_binary_usbmon(void)
{
	struct utsname utsname;
	char *version_component, *endp;
	int major, minor, subminor;

	if (uname(&utsname) == 0) {
		/*
		 * 2.6.21 is the first release with the binary-mode
		 * USB monitoring.
		 */
		version_component = utsname.release;
		major = strtol(version_component, &endp, 10);
		if (endp != version_component && *endp == '.') {
			/*
			 * OK, that was a valid major version.
			 * Is it 3 or greater?  If so, we have binary
			 * mode support.
			 */
			if (major >= 3)
				return 1;

			/*
			 * Is it 1 or less?  If so, we don't have binary
			 * mode support.  (In fact, we don't have any
			 * USB monitoring....)
			 */
			if (major <= 1)
				return 0;
		}

		/*
		 * OK, this is a 2.x kernel.
		 * What's the minor version?
		 */
		version_component = endp + 1;
		minor = strtol(version_component, &endp, 10);
		if (endp != version_component &&
		    (*endp == '.' || *endp == '\0')) {
			/*
			 * OK, that was a valid minor version.
			 * Is is 2.6 or later?  (There shouldn't be a
			 * "later", as 2.6.x went to 3.x, but we'll
			 * check anyway.)
			 */
			if (minor < 6) {
				/*
				 * No, so no binary support (did 2.4 have
				 * any USB monitoring at all?)
				 */
				return 0;
			}

			/*
			 * OK, this is a 2.6.x kernel.
			 * What's the subminor version?
			 */
			version_component = endp + 1;
			subminor = strtol(version_component, &endp, 10);
			if (endp != version_component &&
			    (*endp == '.' || *endp == '\0')) {
				/*
				 * OK, that was a valid subminor version.
				 * Is it 21 or greater?
				 */
				if (subminor >= 21) {
					/*
					 * Yes - we have binary mode
					 * support.
					 */
					return 1;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Either uname() failed, in which case we just say "no binary
	 * mode support", or we don't have binary mode support.
	 */
	return 0;
}

/* facility to add an USB device to the device list*/
static int
usb_dev_add(pcap_if_list_t *devlistp, int n, char *err_str)
{
	char dev_name[10];
	char dev_descr[30];
	pcap_snprintf(dev_name, 10, USB_IFACE"%d", n);
	/*
	 * XXX - is there any notion of "up" and "running"?
	 */
	if (n == 0) {
		/*
		 * As this refers to all buses, there's no notion of
		 * "connected" vs. "disconnected", as that's a property
		 * that would apply to a particular USB interface.
		 */
		if (add_dev(devlistp, dev_name,
		    PCAP_IF_CONNECTION_STATUS_NOT_APPLICABLE,
		    "All USB buses", err_str) == NULL)
			return -1;
	} else {
		/*
		 * XXX - is there a way to determine whether anything's
		 * plugged into this bus interface or not, and set
		 * PCAP_IF_CONNECTION_STATUS_CONNECTED or
		 * PCAP_IF_CONNECTION_STATUS_DISCONNECTED?
		 */
		pcap_snprintf(dev_descr, 30, "USB bus number %d", n);
		if (add_dev(devlistp, dev_name, 0, dev_descr, err_str) == NULL)
			return -1;
	}

	return 0;
}

int
usb_findalldevs(pcap_if_list_t *devlistp, char *err_str)
{
	char usb_mon_dir[PATH_MAX];
	char *usb_mon_prefix;
	size_t usb_mon_prefix_len;
	struct dirent* data;
	int ret = 0;
	DIR* dir;
	int n;
	char* name;
	size_t len;

	if (have_binary_usbmon()) {
		/*
		 * We have binary-mode support.
		 * What do the device names look like?
		 * Split LINUX_USB_MON_DEV into a directory that we'll
		 * scan and a file name prefix that we'll check for.
		 */
		strlcpy(usb_mon_dir, LINUX_USB_MON_DEV, sizeof usb_mon_dir);
		usb_mon_prefix = strrchr(usb_mon_dir, '/');
		if (usb_mon_prefix == NULL) {
			/*
			 * This "shouldn't happen".  Just give up if it
			 * does.
			 */
			return 0;
		}
		*usb_mon_prefix++ = '\0';
		usb_mon_prefix_len = strlen(usb_mon_prefix);

		/*
		 * Open the directory and scan it.
		 */
		dir = opendir(usb_mon_dir);
		if (dir != NULL) {
			while ((ret == 0) && ((data = readdir(dir)) != 0)) {
				name = data->d_name;

				/*
				 * Is this a usbmon device?
				 */
				if (strncmp(name, usb_mon_prefix, usb_mon_prefix_len) != 0)
					continue;	/* no */

				/*
				 * What's the device number?
				 */
				if (sscanf(&name[usb_mon_prefix_len], "%d", &n) == 0)
					continue;	/* failed */

				ret = usb_dev_add(devlistp, n, err_str);
			}

			closedir(dir);
		}
		return 0;
	} else {
		/*
		 * We have only text mode support.
		 * We don't look for the text devices because we can't
		 * look for them without root privileges, and we don't
		 * want to require root privileges to enumerate devices
		 * (we want to let the user to try a device and get
		 * an error, rather than seeing no devices and asking
		 * "why am I not seeing devices" and forcing a long
		 * process of poking to figure out whether it's "no
		 * privileges" or "your kernel is too old" or "the
		 * usbmon module isn't loaded" or...).
		 *
		 * Instead, we look to see what buses we have.
		 * If the kernel is so old that it doesn't have
		 * binary-mode support, it's also so old that
		 * it doesn't have a "scan all buses" device.
		 *
		 * First, try scanning sysfs USB bus directory.
		 */
		dir = opendir(SYS_USB_BUS_DIR);
		if (dir != NULL) {
			while ((ret == 0) && ((data = readdir(dir)) != 0)) {
				name = data->d_name;

				if (strncmp(name, "usb", 3) != 0)
					continue;

				if (sscanf(&name[3], "%d", &n) == 0)
					continue;

				ret = usb_dev_add(devlistp, n, err_str);
			}

			closedir(dir);
			return 0;
		}

		/* That didn't work; try scanning procfs USB bus directory. */
		dir = opendir(PROC_USB_BUS_DIR);
		if (dir != NULL) {
			while ((ret == 0) && ((data = readdir(dir)) != 0)) {
				name = data->d_name;
				len = strlen(name);

				/* if this file name does not end with a number it's not of our interest */
				if ((len < 1) || !isdigit(name[--len]))
					continue;
				while (isdigit(name[--len]));
				if (sscanf(&name[len+1], "%d", &n) != 1)
					continue;

				ret = usb_dev_add(devlistp, n, err_str);
			}

			closedir(dir);
			return ret;
		}

		/* neither of them worked */
		return 0;
	}
}

static
int usb_mmap(pcap_t* handle)
{
	struct pcap_usb_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
	int len = ioctl(handle->fd, MON_IOCQ_RING_SIZE);
	if (len < 0)
		return 0;

	handlep->mmapbuflen = len;
	handlep->mmapbuf = mmap(0, handlep->mmapbuflen, PROT_READ,
	    MAP_SHARED, handle->fd, 0);
	return handlep->mmapbuf != MAP_FAILED;
}

#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_USBDEVICE_FS_H

#define CTRL_TIMEOUT    (5*1000)        /* milliseconds */

#define USB_DIR_IN		0x80
#define USB_TYPE_STANDARD	0x00
#define USB_RECIP_DEVICE	0x00

#define USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR	6

#define USB_DT_DEVICE		1

/* probe the descriptors of the devices attached to the bus */
/* the descriptors will end up in the captured packet stream */
/* and be decoded by external apps like wireshark */
/* without these identifying probes packet data can't be fully decoded */
static void
probe_devices(int bus)
{
	struct usbdevfs_ctrltransfer ctrl;
	struct dirent* data;
	int ret = 0;
	char buf[sizeof("/dev/bus/usb/000/") + NAME_MAX];
	DIR* dir;

	/* scan usb bus directories for device nodes */
	pcap_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/dev/bus/usb/%03d", bus);
	dir = opendir(buf);
	if (!dir)
		return;

	while ((ret >= 0) && ((data = readdir(dir)) != 0)) {
		int fd;
		char* name = data->d_name;

		if (name[0] == '.')
			continue;

		pcap_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/dev/bus/usb/%03d/%s", bus, data->d_name);

		fd = open(buf, O_RDWR);
		if (fd == -1)
			continue;

		/*
		 * Sigh.  Different kernels have different member names
		 * for this structure.
		 */
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_USBDEVFS_CTRLTRANSFER_BREQUESTTYPE
		ctrl.bRequestType = USB_DIR_IN | USB_TYPE_STANDARD | USB_RECIP_DEVICE;
		ctrl.bRequest = USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR;
		ctrl.wValue = USB_DT_DEVICE << 8;
		ctrl.wIndex = 0;
 		ctrl.wLength = sizeof(buf);
#else
		ctrl.requesttype = USB_DIR_IN | USB_TYPE_STANDARD | USB_RECIP_DEVICE;
		ctrl.request = USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR;
		ctrl.value = USB_DT_DEVICE << 8;
		ctrl.index = 0;
 		ctrl.length = sizeof(buf);
#endif
		ctrl.data = buf;
		ctrl.timeout = CTRL_TIMEOUT;

		ret = ioctl(fd, USBDEVFS_CONTROL, &ctrl);

		close(fd);
	}
	closedir(dir);
}
#endif /* HAVE_LINUX_USBDEVICE_FS_H */

pcap_t *
usb_create(const char *device, char *ebuf, int *is_ours)
{
	const char *cp;
	char *cpend;
	long devnum;
	pcap_t *p;

	/* Does this look like a USB monitoring device? */
	cp = strrchr(device, '/');
	if (cp == NULL)
		cp = device;
	/* Does it begin with USB_IFACE? */
	if (strncmp(cp, USB_IFACE, sizeof USB_IFACE - 1) != 0) {
		/* Nope, doesn't begin with USB_IFACE */
		*is_ours = 0;
		return NULL;
	}
	/* Yes - is USB_IFACE followed by a number? */
	cp += sizeof USB_IFACE - 1;
	devnum = strtol(cp, &cpend, 10);
	if (cpend == cp || *cpend != '\0') {
		/* Not followed by a number. */
		*is_ours = 0;
		return NULL;
	}
	if (devnum < 0) {
		/* Followed by a non-valid number. */
		*is_ours = 0;
		return NULL;
	}

	/* OK, it's probably ours. */
	*is_ours = 1;

	p = pcap_create_common(ebuf, sizeof (struct pcap_usb_linux));
	if (p == NULL)
		return (NULL);

	p->activate_op = usb_activate;
	return (p);
}

static int
usb_activate(pcap_t* handle)
{
	struct pcap_usb_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
	char 		full_path[USB_LINE_LEN];

	/*
	 * Turn a negative snapshot value (invalid), a snapshot value of
	 * 0 (unspecified), or a value bigger than the normal maximum
	 * value, into the maximum allowed value.
	 *
	 * If some application really *needs* a bigger snapshot
	 * length, we should just increase MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN.
	 */
	if (handle->snapshot <= 0 || handle->snapshot > MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN)
		handle->snapshot = MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN;

	/* Initialize some components of the pcap structure. */
	handle->bufsize = handle->snapshot;
	handle->offset = 0;
	handle->linktype = DLT_USB_LINUX;

	handle->inject_op = usb_inject_linux;
	handle->setfilter_op = install_bpf_program; /* no kernel filtering */
	handle->setdirection_op = usb_setdirection_linux;
	handle->set_datalink_op = NULL;	/* can't change data link type */
	handle->getnonblock_op = pcap_getnonblock_fd;
	handle->setnonblock_op = pcap_setnonblock_fd;

	/*get usb bus index from device name */
	if (sscanf(handle->opt.device, USB_IFACE"%d", &handlep->bus_index) != 1)
	{
		pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
			"Can't get USB bus index from %s", handle->opt.device);
		return PCAP_ERROR;
	}

	if (have_binary_usbmon())
	{
		/*
		 * We have binary-mode support.
		 * Try to open the binary interface.
		 */
		pcap_snprintf(full_path, USB_LINE_LEN, LINUX_USB_MON_DEV"%d", handlep->bus_index);
		handle->fd = open(full_path, O_RDONLY, 0);
		if (handle->fd < 0)
		{
			/*
			 * The attempt failed; why?
			 */
			switch (errno) {

			case ENOENT:
				/*
				 * The device doesn't exist.
				 * That could either mean that there's
				 * no support for monitoring USB buses
				 * (which probably means "the usbmon
				 * module isn't loaded") or that there
				 * is but that *particular* device
				 * doesn't exist (no "scan all buses"
				 * device if the bus index is 0, no
				 * such bus if the bus index isn't 0).
				 */
				return PCAP_ERROR_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;

			case EACCES:
				/*
				 * We didn't have permission to open it.
				 */
				return PCAP_ERROR_PERM_DENIED;

			default:
				/*
				 * Something went wrong.
				 */
				pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
				    PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
				    "Can't open USB bus file %s", full_path);
				return PCAP_ERROR;
			}
		}

		if (handle->opt.rfmon)
		{
			/*
			 * Monitor mode doesn't apply to USB devices.
			 */
			close(handle->fd);
			return PCAP_ERROR_RFMON_NOTSUP;
		}

		/* try to use fast mmap access */
		if (usb_mmap(handle))
		{
			handle->linktype = DLT_USB_LINUX_MMAPPED;
			handle->stats_op = usb_stats_linux_bin;
			handle->read_op = usb_read_linux_mmap;
			handle->cleanup_op = usb_cleanup_linux_mmap;
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_USBDEVICE_FS_H
			probe_devices(handlep->bus_index);
#endif

			/*
			 * "handle->fd" is a real file, so
			 * "select()" and "poll()" work on it.
			 */
			handle->selectable_fd = handle->fd;
			return 0;
		}

		/* can't mmap, use plain binary interface access */
		handle->stats_op = usb_stats_linux_bin;
		handle->read_op = usb_read_linux_bin;
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_USBDEVICE_FS_H
		probe_devices(handlep->bus_index);
#endif
	}
	else {
		/*
		 * We don't have binary mode support.
		 * Try opening the text-mode device.
		 */
		pcap_snprintf(full_path, USB_LINE_LEN, USB_TEXT_DIR"/%dt", handlep->bus_index);
		handle->fd = open(full_path, O_RDONLY, 0);
		if (handle->fd < 0)
		{
			if (errno == ENOENT)
			{
				/*
				 * Not found at the new location; try
				 * the old location.
				 */
				pcap_snprintf(full_path, USB_LINE_LEN, USB_TEXT_DIR_OLD"/%dt", handlep->bus_index);
				handle->fd = open(full_path, O_RDONLY, 0);
			}
			if (handle->fd < 0) {
				/*
				 * Is the problem that we didn't have
				 * sufficient permission to open it?
				 */
				if (errno == EACCES) {
					/*
					 * Yes - return that error.
					 */
					return PCAP_ERROR_PERM_DENIED;
				}

				/*
				 * No - was the problem something other
				 * than "it doesn't exist"?
				 */
				if (errno != ENOENT) {
					/*
					 * Yes - return *that* error.
					 */
					pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
					    PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
					    "Can't open USB bus file %s",
					    full_path);
					return PCAP_ERROR;
				}

				/*
				 * No.  Report that as "no such device".
				 * (That could mean "no such USB bus"
				 * or "monitoring not supported".)
				 */
				return PCAP_ERROR_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
			}
		}

		if (handle->opt.rfmon)
		{
			/*
			 * Monitor mode doesn't apply to USB devices.
			 */
			close(handle->fd);
			return PCAP_ERROR_RFMON_NOTSUP;
		}

		handle->stats_op = usb_stats_linux;
		handle->read_op = usb_read_linux;
	}

	/*
	 * "handle->fd" is a real file, so "select()" and "poll()"
	 * work on it.
	 */
	handle->selectable_fd = handle->fd;

	/* for plain binary access and text access we need to allocate the read
	 * buffer */
	handle->buffer = malloc(handle->bufsize);
	if (!handle->buffer) {
		pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
		    errno, "malloc");
		close(handle->fd);
		return PCAP_ERROR;
	}
	return 0;
}

static inline int
ascii_to_int(char c)
{
	return c < 'A' ? c- '0': ((c<'a') ? c - 'A' + 10: c-'a'+10);
}

/*
 * see <linux-kernel-source>/Documentation/usb/usbmon.txt and
 * <linux-kernel-source>/drivers/usb/mon/mon_text.c for urb string
 * format description
 */
static int
usb_read_linux(pcap_t *handle, int max_packets _U_, pcap_handler callback, u_char *user)
{
	/* see:
	* /usr/src/linux/Documentation/usb/usbmon.txt
	* for message format
	*/
	struct pcap_usb_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
	unsigned timestamp;
	int tag, cnt, ep_num, dev_addr, dummy, ret, urb_len, data_len;
	char etype, pipeid1, pipeid2, status[16], urb_tag, line[USB_LINE_LEN];
	char *string = line;
	u_char * rawdata = handle->buffer;
	struct pcap_pkthdr pkth;
	pcap_usb_header* uhdr = (pcap_usb_header*)handle->buffer;
	u_char urb_transfer=0;
	int incoming=0;

	/* ignore interrupt system call errors */
	do {
		ret = read(handle->fd, line, USB_LINE_LEN - 1);
		if (handle->break_loop)
		{
			handle->break_loop = 0;
			return -2;
		}
	} while ((ret == -1) && (errno == EINTR));
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		if (errno == EAGAIN)
			return 0;	/* no data there */

		pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
		    errno, "Can't read from fd %d", handle->fd);
		return -1;
	}

	/* read urb header; %n argument may increment return value, but it's
	* not mandatory, so does not count on it*/
	string[ret] = 0;
	ret = sscanf(string, "%x %d %c %c%c:%d:%d %s%n", &tag, &timestamp, &etype,
		&pipeid1, &pipeid2, &dev_addr, &ep_num, status,
		&cnt);
	if (ret < 8)
	{
		pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
		    "Can't parse USB bus message '%s', too few tokens (expected 8 got %d)",
		    string, ret);
		return -1;
	}
	uhdr->id = tag;
	uhdr->device_address = dev_addr;
	uhdr->bus_id = handlep->bus_index;
	uhdr->status = 0;
	string += cnt;

	/* don't use usbmon provided timestamp, since it have low precision*/
	if (gettimeofday(&pkth.ts, NULL) < 0)
	{
		pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
		    errno, "Can't get timestamp for message '%s'", string);
		return -1;
	}
	uhdr->ts_sec = pkth.ts.tv_sec;
	uhdr->ts_usec = pkth.ts.tv_usec;

	/* parse endpoint information */
	if (pipeid1 == 'C')
		urb_transfer = URB_CONTROL;
	else if (pipeid1 == 'Z')
		urb_transfer = URB_ISOCHRONOUS;
	else if (pipeid1 == 'I')
		urb_transfer = URB_INTERRUPT;
	else if (pipeid1 == 'B')
		urb_transfer = URB_BULK;
	if (pipeid2 == 'i') {
		ep_num |= URB_TRANSFER_IN;
		incoming = 1;
	}
	if (etype == 'C')
		incoming = !incoming;

	/* direction check*/
	if (incoming)
	{
		if (handle->direction == PCAP_D_OUT)
			return 0;
	}
	else
		if (handle->direction == PCAP_D_IN)
			return 0;
	uhdr->event_type = etype;
	uhdr->transfer_type = urb_transfer;
	uhdr->endpoint_number = ep_num;
	pkth.caplen = sizeof(pcap_usb_header);
	rawdata += sizeof(pcap_usb_header);

	/* check if this is a setup packet */
	ret = sscanf(status, "%d", &dummy);
	if (ret != 1)
	{
		/* this a setup packet, setup data can be filled with underscore if
		* usbmon has not been able to read them, so we must parse this fields as
		* strings */
		pcap_usb_setup* shdr;
		char str1[3], str2[3], str3[5], str4[5], str5[5];
		ret = sscanf(string, "%s %s %s %s %s%n", str1, str2, str3, str4,
		str5, &cnt);
		if (ret < 5)
		{
			pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
				"Can't parse USB bus message '%s', too few tokens (expected 5 got %d)",
				string, ret);
			return -1;
		}
		string += cnt;

		/* try to convert to corresponding integer */
		shdr = &uhdr->setup;
		shdr->bmRequestType = strtoul(str1, 0, 16);
		shdr->bRequest = strtoul(str2, 0, 16);
		shdr->wValue = htols(strtoul(str3, 0, 16));
		shdr->wIndex = htols(strtoul(str4, 0, 16));
		shdr->wLength = htols(strtoul(str5, 0, 16));

		uhdr->setup_flag = 0;
	}
	else
		uhdr->setup_flag = 1;

	/* read urb data */
	ret = sscanf(string, " %d%n", &urb_len, &cnt);
	if (ret < 1)
	{
		pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
		  "Can't parse urb length from '%s'", string);
		return -1;
	}
	string += cnt;

	/* urb tag is not present if urb length is 0, so we can stop here
	 * text parsing */
	pkth.len = urb_len+pkth.caplen;
	uhdr->urb_len = urb_len;
	uhdr->data_flag = 1;
	data_len = 0;
	if (uhdr->urb_len == 0)
		goto got;

	/* check for data presence; data is present if and only if urb tag is '=' */
	if (sscanf(string, " %c", &urb_tag) != 1)
	{
		pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
			"Can't parse urb tag from '%s'", string);
		return -1;
	}

	if (urb_tag != '=')
		goto got;

	/* skip urb tag and following space */
	string += 3;

	/* if we reach this point we got some urb data*/
	uhdr->data_flag = 0;

	/* read all urb data; if urb length is greater then the usbmon internal
	 * buffer length used by the kernel to spool the URB, we get only
	 * a partial information.
	 * At least until linux 2.6.17 there is no way to set usbmon intenal buffer
	 * length and default value is 130. */
	while ((string[0] != 0) && (string[1] != 0) && (pkth.caplen < (bpf_u_int32)handle->snapshot))
	{
		rawdata[0] = ascii_to_int(string[0]) * 16 + ascii_to_int(string[1]);
		rawdata++;
		string+=2;
		if (string[0] == ' ')
			string++;
		pkth.caplen++;
		data_len++;
	}

got:
	uhdr->data_len = data_len;
	if (pkth.caplen > (bpf_u_int32)handle->snapshot)
		pkth.caplen = (bpf_u_int32)handle->snapshot;

	if (handle->fcode.bf_insns == NULL ||
	    bpf_filter(handle->fcode.bf_insns, handle->buffer,
	      pkth.len, pkth.caplen)) {
		handlep->packets_read++;
		callback(user, &pkth, handle->buffer);
		return 1;
	}
	return 0;	/* didn't pass filter */
}

static int
usb_inject_linux(pcap_t *handle, const void *buf _U_, size_t size _U_)
{
	pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, "inject not supported on "
		"USB devices");
	return (-1);
}

static int
usb_stats_linux(pcap_t *handle, struct pcap_stat *stats)
{
	struct pcap_usb_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
	int dummy, ret, consumed, cnt;
	char string[USB_LINE_LEN];
	char token[USB_LINE_LEN];
	char * ptr = string;
	int fd;

	pcap_snprintf(string, USB_LINE_LEN, USB_TEXT_DIR"/%ds", handlep->bus_index);
	fd = open(string, O_RDONLY, 0);
	if (fd < 0)
	{
		if (errno == ENOENT)
		{
			/*
			 * Not found at the new location; try the old
			 * location.
			 */
			pcap_snprintf(string, USB_LINE_LEN, USB_TEXT_DIR_OLD"/%ds", handlep->bus_index);
			fd = open(string, O_RDONLY, 0);
		}
		if (fd < 0) {
			pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
			    PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
			    "Can't open USB stats file %s", string);
			return -1;
		}
	}

	/* read stats line */
	do {
		ret = read(fd, string, USB_LINE_LEN-1);
	} while ((ret == -1) && (errno == EINTR));
	close(fd);

	if (ret < 0)
	{
		pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
			"Can't read stats from fd %d ", fd);
		return -1;
	}
	string[ret] = 0;

	/* extract info on dropped urbs */
	for (consumed=0; consumed < ret; ) {
		/* from the sscanf man page:
 		 * The C standard says: "Execution of a %n directive does
 		 * not increment the assignment count returned at the completion
		 * of  execution" but the Corrigendum seems to contradict this.
		 * Do not make any assumptions on the effect of %n conversions
		 * on the return value and explicitly check for cnt assignmet*/
		int ntok;

		cnt = -1;
		ntok = sscanf(ptr, "%s%n", token, &cnt);
		if ((ntok < 1) || (cnt < 0))
			break;
		consumed += cnt;
		ptr += cnt;
		if (strcmp(token, "nreaders") == 0)
			ret = sscanf(ptr, "%d", &stats->ps_drop);
		else
			ret = sscanf(ptr, "%d", &dummy);
		if (ntok != 1)
			break;
		consumed += cnt;
		ptr += cnt;
	}

	stats->ps_recv = handlep->packets_read;
	stats->ps_ifdrop = 0;
	return 0;
}

static int
usb_setdirection_linux(pcap_t *p, pcap_direction_t d)
{
	p->direction = d;
	return 0;
}


static int
usb_stats_linux_bin(pcap_t *handle, struct pcap_stat *stats)
{
	struct pcap_usb_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
	int ret;
	struct mon_bin_stats st;
	ret = ioctl(handle->fd, MON_IOCG_STATS, &st);
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
		    errno, "Can't read stats from fd %d", handle->fd);
		return -1;
	}

	stats->ps_recv = handlep->packets_read + st.queued;
	stats->ps_drop = st.dropped;
	stats->ps_ifdrop = 0;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * see <linux-kernel-source>/Documentation/usb/usbmon.txt and
 * <linux-kernel-source>/drivers/usb/mon/mon_bin.c binary ABI
 */
static int
usb_read_linux_bin(pcap_t *handle, int max_packets _U_, pcap_handler callback, u_char *user)
{
	struct pcap_usb_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
	struct mon_bin_get info;
	int ret;
	struct pcap_pkthdr pkth;
	u_int clen = handle->snapshot - sizeof(pcap_usb_header);

	/* the usb header is going to be part of 'packet' data*/
	info.hdr = (pcap_usb_header*) handle->buffer;
	info.data = (u_char *)handle->buffer + sizeof(pcap_usb_header);
	info.data_len = clen;

	/* ignore interrupt system call errors */
	do {
		ret = ioctl(handle->fd, MON_IOCX_GET, &info);
		if (handle->break_loop)
		{
			handle->break_loop = 0;
			return -2;
		}
	} while ((ret == -1) && (errno == EINTR));
	if (ret < 0)
	{
		if (errno == EAGAIN)
			return 0;	/* no data there */

		pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
		    errno, "Can't read from fd %d", handle->fd);
		return -1;
	}

	/* we can get less that than really captured from kernel, depending on
	 * snaplen, so adjust header accordingly */
	if (info.hdr->data_len < clen)
		clen = info.hdr->data_len;
	info.hdr->data_len = clen;
	pkth.caplen = clen + sizeof(pcap_usb_header);
	pkth.len = info.hdr->data_len + sizeof(pcap_usb_header);
	pkth.ts.tv_sec = info.hdr->ts_sec;
	pkth.ts.tv_usec = info.hdr->ts_usec;

	if (handle->fcode.bf_insns == NULL ||
	    bpf_filter(handle->fcode.bf_insns, handle->buffer,
	      pkth.len, pkth.caplen)) {
		handlep->packets_read++;
		callback(user, &pkth, handle->buffer);
		return 1;
	}

	return 0;	/* didn't pass filter */
}

/*
 * see <linux-kernel-source>/Documentation/usb/usbmon.txt and
 * <linux-kernel-source>/drivers/usb/mon/mon_bin.c binary ABI
 */
#define VEC_SIZE 32
static int
usb_read_linux_mmap(pcap_t *handle, int max_packets, pcap_handler callback, u_char *user)
{
	struct pcap_usb_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
	struct mon_bin_mfetch fetch;
	int32_t vec[VEC_SIZE];
	struct pcap_pkthdr pkth;
	pcap_usb_header* hdr;
	int nflush = 0;
	int packets = 0;
	u_int clen, max_clen;

	max_clen = handle->snapshot - sizeof(pcap_usb_header);

	for (;;) {
		int i, ret;
		int limit = max_packets - packets;
		if (limit <= 0)
			limit = VEC_SIZE;
		if (limit > VEC_SIZE)
			limit = VEC_SIZE;

		/* try to fetch as many events as possible*/
		fetch.offvec = vec;
		fetch.nfetch = limit;
		fetch.nflush = nflush;
		/* ignore interrupt system call errors */
		do {
			ret = ioctl(handle->fd, MON_IOCX_MFETCH, &fetch);
			if (handle->break_loop)
			{
				handle->break_loop = 0;
				return -2;
			}
		} while ((ret == -1) && (errno == EINTR));
		if (ret < 0)
		{
			if (errno == EAGAIN)
				return 0;	/* no data there */

			pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
			    PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "Can't mfetch fd %d",
			    handle->fd);
			return -1;
		}

		/* keep track of processed events, we will flush them later */
		nflush = fetch.nfetch;
		for (i=0; i<fetch.nfetch; ++i) {
			/* discard filler */
			hdr = (pcap_usb_header*) &handlep->mmapbuf[vec[i]];
			if (hdr->event_type == '@')
				continue;

			/* we can get less that than really captured from kernel, depending on
	 		* snaplen, so adjust header accordingly */
			clen = max_clen;
			if (hdr->data_len < clen)
				clen = hdr->data_len;

			/* get packet info from header*/
			pkth.caplen = clen + sizeof(pcap_usb_header_mmapped);
			pkth.len = hdr->data_len + sizeof(pcap_usb_header_mmapped);
			pkth.ts.tv_sec = hdr->ts_sec;
			pkth.ts.tv_usec = hdr->ts_usec;

			if (handle->fcode.bf_insns == NULL ||
			    bpf_filter(handle->fcode.bf_insns, (u_char*) hdr,
			      pkth.len, pkth.caplen)) {
				handlep->packets_read++;
				callback(user, &pkth, (u_char*) hdr);
				packets++;
			}
		}

		/* with max_packets specifying "unlimited" we stop afer the first chunk*/
		if (PACKET_COUNT_IS_UNLIMITED(max_packets) || (packets == max_packets))
			break;
	}

	/* flush pending events*/
	if (ioctl(handle->fd, MON_IOCH_MFLUSH, nflush) == -1) {
		pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
		    errno, "Can't mflush fd %d", handle->fd);
		return -1;
	}
	return packets;
}

static void
usb_cleanup_linux_mmap(pcap_t* handle)
{
	struct pcap_usb_linux *handlep = handle->priv;

	/* if we have a memory-mapped buffer, unmap it */
	if (handlep->mmapbuf != NULL) {
		munmap(handlep->mmapbuf, handlep->mmapbuflen);
		handlep->mmapbuf = NULL;
	}
	pcap_cleanup_live_common(handle);
}