Training courses

Kernel and Embedded Linux

Bootlin training courses

Embedded Linux, kernel,
Yocto Project, Buildroot, real-time,
graphics, boot time, debugging...

Bootlin logo

Elixir Cross Referencer

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 29
 30
 31
 32
 33
 34
 35
 36
 37
 38
 39
 40
 41
 42
 43
 44
 45
 46
 47
 48
 49
 50
 51
 52
 53
 54
 55
 56
 57
 58
 59
 60
 61
 62
 63
 64
 65
 66
 67
 68
 69
 70
 71
 72
 73
 74
 75
 76
 77
 78
 79
 80
 81
 82
 83
 84
 85
 86
 87
 88
 89
 90
 91
 92
 93
 94
 95
 96
 97
 98
 99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
/*	$NetBSD: dev-io.c,v 1.10 2010/12/29 23:14:21 haad Exp $	*/

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Sistina Software, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This file is part of LVM2.
 *
 * This copyrighted material is made available to anyone wishing to use,
 * modify, copy, or redistribute it subject to the terms and conditions
 * of the GNU Lesser General Public License v.2.1.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 */

#include "lib.h"
#include "lvm-types.h"
#include "device.h"
#include "metadata.h"
#include "lvmcache.h"
#include "memlock.h"
#include "locking.h"

#include <limits.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#ifdef linux
#  define u64 uint64_t		/* Missing without __KERNEL__ */
#  undef WNOHANG		/* Avoid redefinition */
#  undef WUNTRACED		/* Avoid redefinition */
#  include <linux/fs.h>		/* For block ioctl definitions */
#  define BLKSIZE_SHIFT SECTOR_SHIFT
#  ifndef BLKGETSIZE64		/* fs.h out-of-date */
#    define BLKGETSIZE64 _IOR(0x12, 114, size_t)
#  endif /* BLKGETSIZE64 */
#elif __NetBSD__
#  include <sys/disk.h>
#  include <sys/disklabel.h>
#  include <prop/proplib.h>
#  include <sys/param.h>
#else
#  include <sys/disk.h>
#  define BLKBSZGET DKIOCGETBLOCKSIZE
#  define BLKSSZGET DKIOCGETBLOCKSIZE
#  define BLKGETSIZE64 DKIOCGETBLOCKCOUNT
#  define BLKFLSBUF DKIOCSYNCHRONIZECACHE
#  define BLKSIZE_SHIFT 0
#endif

#ifdef O_DIRECT_SUPPORT
#  ifndef O_DIRECT
#    error O_DIRECT support configured but O_DIRECT definition not found in headers
#  endif
#endif

static DM_LIST_INIT(_open_devices);

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------
 * The standard io loop that keeps submitting an io until it's
 * all gone.
 *---------------------------------------------------------------*/
static int _io(struct device_area *where, void *buffer, int should_write)
{
	int fd = dev_fd(where->dev);
	ssize_t n = 0;
	size_t total = 0;

	if (fd < 0) {
		log_error("Attempt to read an unopened device (%s).",
			  dev_name(where->dev));
		return 0;
	}

	/*
	 * Skip all writes in test mode.
	 */
	if (should_write && test_mode())
		return 1;

	if (where->size > SSIZE_MAX) {
		log_error("Read size too large: %" PRIu64, where->size);
		return 0;
	}

	if (lseek(fd, (off_t) where->start, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
		log_error("%s: lseek %" PRIu64 " failed: %s",
			  dev_name(where->dev), (uint64_t) where->start,
			  strerror(errno));
		return 0;
	}

	while (total < (size_t) where->size) {
		do
			n = should_write ?
			    write(fd, buffer, (size_t) where->size - total) :
			    read(fd, buffer, (size_t) where->size - total);
		while ((n < 0) && ((errno == EINTR) || (errno == EAGAIN)));

		if (n < 0)
			log_error("%s: %s failed after %" PRIu64 " of %" PRIu64
				  " at %" PRIu64 ": %s", dev_name(where->dev),
				  should_write ? "write" : "read",
				  (uint64_t) total,
				  (uint64_t) where->size,
				  (uint64_t) where->start, strerror(errno));

		if (n <= 0)
			break;

		total += n;
		buffer += n;
	}

	return (total == (size_t) where->size);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------
 * LVM2 uses O_DIRECT when performing metadata io, which requires
 * block size aligned accesses.  If any io is not aligned we have
 * to perform the io via a bounce buffer, obviously this is quite
 * inefficient.
 *---------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Get the sector size from an _open_ device.
 */
static int _get_block_size(struct device *dev, unsigned int *size)
{
	const char *name = dev_name(dev);
#ifdef __NetBSD__
	struct disklabel	lab;
	prop_dictionary_t	disk_dict, geom_dict;
	uint32_t		secsize;
#endif

	if ((dev->block_size == -1)) {
#ifdef __NetBSD__
		if (prop_dictionary_recv_ioctl(dev_fd(dev), DIOCGDISKINFO, &disk_dict)) {
			if (ioctl(dev_fd(dev), DIOCGDINFO, &lab) < 0) {
				dev->block_size = DEV_BSIZE;
			} else
				dev->block_size = lab.d_secsize;
		} else {
			geom_dict = prop_dictionary_get(disk_dict, "geometry");
			prop_dictionary_get_uint32(geom_dict, "sector-size", &secsize);
			dev->block_size = secsize;
		}
#else
		if (ioctl(dev_fd(dev), BLKBSZGET, &dev->block_size) < 0) {
			log_sys_error("ioctl BLKBSZGET", name);
			return 0;
		}
#endif
		log_debug("%s: block size is %u bytes", name, dev->block_size);
	}

	*size = (unsigned int) dev->block_size;

	return 1;
}

/*
 * Widens a region to be an aligned region.
 */
static void _widen_region(unsigned int block_size, struct device_area *region,
			  struct device_area *result)
{
	uint64_t mask = block_size - 1, delta;
	memcpy(result, region, sizeof(*result));

	/* adjust the start */
	delta = result->start & mask;
	if (delta) {
		result->start -= delta;
		result->size += delta;
	}

	/* adjust the end */
	delta = (result->start + result->size) & mask;
	if (delta)
		result->size += block_size - delta;
}

static int _aligned_io(struct device_area *where, void *buffer,
		       int should_write)
{
	void *bounce;
	unsigned int block_size = 0;
	uintptr_t mask;
	struct device_area widened;

	if (!(where->dev->flags & DEV_REGULAR) &&
	    !_get_block_size(where->dev, &block_size))
		return_0;

	if (!block_size)
		block_size = lvm_getpagesize();

	_widen_region(block_size, where, &widened);

	/* Do we need to use a bounce buffer? */
	mask = block_size - 1;
	if (!memcmp(where, &widened, sizeof(widened)) &&
	    !((uintptr_t) buffer & mask))
		return _io(where, buffer, should_write);

	/* Allocate a bounce buffer with an extra block */
	if (!(bounce = alloca((size_t) widened.size + block_size))) {
		log_error("Bounce buffer alloca failed");
		return 0;
	}

	/*
	 * Realign start of bounce buffer (using the extra sector)
	 */
	if (((uintptr_t) bounce) & mask)
		bounce = (void *) ((((uintptr_t) bounce) + mask) & ~mask);

	/* channel the io through the bounce buffer */
	if (!_io(&widened, bounce, 0)) {
		if (!should_write)
			return_0;
		/* FIXME pre-extend the file */
		memset(bounce, '\n', widened.size);
	}

	if (should_write) {
		memcpy(bounce + (where->start - widened.start), buffer,
		       (size_t) where->size);

		/* ... then we write */
		return _io(&widened, bounce, 1);
	}

	memcpy(buffer, bounce + (where->start - widened.start),
	       (size_t) where->size);

	return 1;
}

static int _dev_get_size_file(const struct device *dev, uint64_t *size)
{
	const char *name = dev_name(dev);
	struct stat info;

	if (stat(name, &info)) {
		log_sys_error("stat", name);
		return 0;
	}

	*size = info.st_size;
	*size >>= SECTOR_SHIFT;	/* Convert to sectors */

	log_very_verbose("%s: size is %" PRIu64 " sectors", name, *size);

	return 1;
}

static int _dev_get_size_dev(const struct device *dev, uint64_t *size)
{
	int fd;
	const char *name = dev_name(dev);
#ifdef __NetBSD__
	struct disklabel	lab;
	struct dkwedge_info     dkw;
	struct stat stat;
#endif

	if ((fd = open(name, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
#ifndef __NetBSD__
		log_sys_error("open", name);
#endif		
		return 0;
	}

#ifdef __NetBSD__
        /* Get info about partition/wedge */
	if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGWEDGEINFO, &dkw) == -1) {
		if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGDINFO, &lab) == -1) {
			log_debug("Please implement DIOCGWEDGEINFO or "
			    "DIOCGDINFO for disk device %s", name);
			close(fd);
			return 0;
		} else {
			if (fstat(fd, &stat) < 0)
				log_debug("fstat on device %s failure", name);
			
			*size = lab.d_partitions[DISKPART(stat.st_rdev)].p_size;
		}
	} else
		*size = dkw.dkw_size;
#else
	if (ioctl(fd, BLKGETSIZE64, size) < 0) {
		log_sys_error("ioctl BLKGETSIZE64", name);
		if (close(fd))
			log_sys_error("close", name);
		return 0;
	}

	*size >>= BLKSIZE_SHIFT;	/* Convert to sectors */
#endif
	if (close(fd))
		log_sys_error("close", name);

	log_very_verbose("%s: size is %" PRIu64 " sectors", name, *size);

	return 1;
}

static int _dev_read_ahead_dev(struct device *dev, uint32_t *read_ahead)
{
#ifdef linux
	long read_ahead_long;

	if (dev->read_ahead != -1) {
		*read_ahead = (uint32_t) dev->read_ahead;
		return 1;
	}

	if (!dev_open(dev))
		return_0;

	if (ioctl(dev->fd, BLKRAGET, &read_ahead_long) < 0) {
		log_sys_error("ioctl BLKRAGET", dev_name(dev));
		if (!dev_close(dev))
			stack;
		return 0;
	}

	if (!dev_close(dev))
		stack;

	*read_ahead = (uint32_t) read_ahead_long;
	dev->read_ahead = read_ahead_long;

	log_very_verbose("%s: read_ahead is %u sectors",
			 dev_name(dev), *read_ahead);
#endif
	return 1;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------
 * Public functions
 *---------------------------------------------------------------*/

int dev_get_size(const struct device *dev, uint64_t *size)
{
	if (!dev)
		return 0;

	if ((dev->flags & DEV_REGULAR))
		return _dev_get_size_file(dev, size);
	else
		return _dev_get_size_dev(dev, size);
}

int dev_get_read_ahead(struct device *dev, uint32_t *read_ahead)
{
	if (!dev)
		return 0;

	if (dev->flags & DEV_REGULAR) {
		*read_ahead = 0;
		return 1;
	}

	return _dev_read_ahead_dev(dev, read_ahead);
}

/* FIXME Unused
int dev_get_sectsize(struct device *dev, uint32_t *size)
{
	int fd;
	int s;
	const char *name = dev_name(dev);

	if ((fd = open(name, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
		log_sys_error("open", name);
		return 0;
	}

	if (ioctl(fd, BLKSSZGET, &s) < 0) {
		log_sys_error("ioctl BLKSSZGET", name);
		if (close(fd))
			log_sys_error("close", name);
		return 0;
	}

	if (close(fd))
		log_sys_error("close", name);

	*size = (uint32_t) s;

	log_very_verbose("%s: sector size is %" PRIu32 " bytes", name, *size);

	return 1;
}
*/

void dev_flush(struct device *dev)
{
#ifdef __linux__
	if (!(dev->flags & DEV_REGULAR) && ioctl(dev->fd, BLKFLSBUF, 0) >= 0)
		return;
#endif

	if (fsync(dev->fd) >= 0)
		return;

	sync();
}

int dev_open_flags(struct device *dev, int flags, int direct, int quiet)
{
	struct stat buf;
	const char *name;
	int need_excl = 0, need_rw = 0;

	if ((flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_RDWR)
		need_rw = 1;

	if ((flags & O_EXCL))
		need_excl = 1;

	if (dev->fd >= 0) {
		if (((dev->flags & DEV_OPENED_RW) || !need_rw) &&
		    ((dev->flags & DEV_OPENED_EXCL) || !need_excl)) {
			dev->open_count++;
			return 1;
		}

		if (dev->open_count && !need_excl) {
			/* FIXME Ensure we never get here */
			log_debug("WARNING: %s already opened read-only",
				  dev_name(dev));
			dev->open_count++;
		}

		dev_close_immediate(dev);
	}

	if (memlock())
		log_error("WARNING: dev_open(%s) called while suspended",
			  dev_name(dev));

	if (dev->flags & DEV_REGULAR)
		name = dev_name(dev);
	else if (!(name = dev_name_confirmed(dev, quiet)))
		return_0;

	if (!(dev->flags & DEV_REGULAR)) {
		if (stat(name, &buf) < 0) {
			log_sys_error("%s: stat failed", name);
			return 0;
		}
		if (buf.st_rdev != dev->dev) {
			log_error("%s: device changed", name);
			return 0;
		}
	}

#ifdef O_DIRECT_SUPPORT
	if (direct) {
		if (!(dev->flags & DEV_O_DIRECT_TESTED))
			dev->flags |= DEV_O_DIRECT;

		if ((dev->flags & DEV_O_DIRECT))
			flags |= O_DIRECT;
	}
#endif

#ifdef O_NOATIME
	/* Don't update atime on device inodes */
	if (!(dev->flags & DEV_REGULAR))
		flags |= O_NOATIME;
#endif

	if ((dev->fd = open(name, flags, 0777)) < 0) {
#ifdef O_DIRECT_SUPPORT
		if (direct && !(dev->flags & DEV_O_DIRECT_TESTED)) {
			flags &= ~O_DIRECT;
			if ((dev->fd = open(name, flags, 0777)) >= 0) {
				dev->flags &= ~DEV_O_DIRECT;
				log_debug("%s: Not using O_DIRECT", name);
				goto opened;
			}
		}
#endif
		if (quiet)
			log_sys_debug("open", name);
		else
			log_sys_error("open", name);
		
		return 0;
	}

#ifdef O_DIRECT_SUPPORT
      opened:
	if (direct)
		dev->flags |= DEV_O_DIRECT_TESTED;
#endif
	dev->open_count++;
	dev->flags &= ~DEV_ACCESSED_W;

	if (need_rw)
		dev->flags |= DEV_OPENED_RW;
	else
		dev->flags &= ~DEV_OPENED_RW;

	if (need_excl)
		dev->flags |= DEV_OPENED_EXCL;
	else
		dev->flags &= ~DEV_OPENED_EXCL;

	if (!(dev->flags & DEV_REGULAR) &&
	    ((fstat(dev->fd, &buf) < 0) || (buf.st_rdev != dev->dev))) {
		log_error("%s: fstat failed: Has device name changed?", name);
		dev_close_immediate(dev);
		return 0;
	}

#ifndef O_DIRECT_SUPPORT
	if (!(dev->flags & DEV_REGULAR))
		dev_flush(dev);
#endif

	if ((flags & O_CREAT) && !(flags & O_TRUNC))
		dev->end = lseek(dev->fd, (off_t) 0, SEEK_END);

	dm_list_add(&_open_devices, &dev->open_list);

	log_debug("Opened %s %s%s%s", dev_name(dev),
		  dev->flags & DEV_OPENED_RW ? "RW" : "RO",
		  dev->flags & DEV_OPENED_EXCL ? " O_EXCL" : "",
		  dev->flags & DEV_O_DIRECT ? " O_DIRECT" : "");

	return 1;
}

int dev_open_quiet(struct device *dev)
{
	int flags;

	flags = vg_write_lock_held() ? O_RDWR : O_RDONLY;

	return dev_open_flags(dev, flags, 1, 1);
}

int dev_open(struct device *dev)
{
	int flags;

	flags = vg_write_lock_held() ? O_RDWR : O_RDONLY;

	return dev_open_flags(dev, flags, 1, 0);
}

int dev_test_excl(struct device *dev)
{
	int flags;
	int r;

	flags = vg_write_lock_held() ? O_RDWR : O_RDONLY;
	flags |= O_EXCL;

	r = dev_open_flags(dev, flags, 1, 1);
	if (r)
		dev_close_immediate(dev);

	return r;
}

static void _close(struct device *dev)
{
	if (close(dev->fd))
		log_sys_error("close", dev_name(dev));
	dev->fd = -1;
	dev->block_size = -1;
	dm_list_del(&dev->open_list);

	log_debug("Closed %s", dev_name(dev));

	if (dev->flags & DEV_ALLOCED) {
		dm_free((void *) dm_list_item(dev->aliases.n, struct str_list)->
			 str);
		dm_free(dev->aliases.n);
		dm_free(dev);
	}
}

static int _dev_close(struct device *dev, int immediate)
{
	struct lvmcache_info *info;

	if (dev->fd < 0) {
		log_error("Attempt to close device '%s' "
			  "which is not open.", dev_name(dev));
		return 0;
	}

#ifndef O_DIRECT_SUPPORT
	if (dev->flags & DEV_ACCESSED_W)
		dev_flush(dev);
#endif

	if (dev->open_count > 0)
		dev->open_count--;

	if (immediate && dev->open_count)
		log_debug("%s: Immediate close attempt while still referenced",
			  dev_name(dev));

	/* Close unless device is known to belong to a locked VG */
	if (immediate ||
	    (dev->open_count < 1 &&
	     (!(info = info_from_pvid(dev->pvid, 0)) ||
	      !info->vginfo ||
	      !vgname_is_locked(info->vginfo->vgname))))
		_close(dev);

	return 1;
}

int dev_close(struct device *dev)
{
	return _dev_close(dev, 0);
}

int dev_close_immediate(struct device *dev)
{
	return _dev_close(dev, 1);
}

void dev_close_all(void)
{
	struct dm_list *doh, *doht;
	struct device *dev;

	dm_list_iterate_safe(doh, doht, &_open_devices) {
		dev = dm_list_struct_base(doh, struct device, open_list);
		if (dev->open_count < 1)
			_close(dev);
	}
}

int dev_read(struct device *dev, uint64_t offset, size_t len, void *buffer)
{
	struct device_area where;

	if (!dev->open_count)
		return_0;

	where.dev = dev;
	where.start = offset;
	where.size = len;

	return _aligned_io(&where, buffer, 0);
}

/*
 * Read from 'dev' into 'buf', possibly in 2 distinct regions, denoted
 * by (offset,len) and (offset2,len2).  Thus, the total size of
 * 'buf' should be len+len2.
 */
int dev_read_circular(struct device *dev, uint64_t offset, size_t len,
		      uint64_t offset2, size_t len2, void *buf)
{
	if (!dev_read(dev, offset, len, buf)) {
		log_error("Read from %s failed", dev_name(dev));
		return 0;
	}

	/*
	 * The second region is optional, and allows for
	 * a circular buffer on the device.
	 */
	if (!len2)
		return 1;

	if (!dev_read(dev, offset2, len2, buf + len)) {
		log_error("Circular read from %s failed",
			  dev_name(dev));
		return 0;
	}

	return 1;
}

/* FIXME If O_DIRECT can't extend file, dev_extend first; dev_truncate after.
 *       But fails if concurrent processes writing
 */

/* FIXME pre-extend the file */
int dev_append(struct device *dev, size_t len, void *buffer)
{
	int r;

	if (!dev->open_count)
		return_0;

	r = dev_write(dev, dev->end, len, buffer);
	dev->end += (uint64_t) len;

#ifndef O_DIRECT_SUPPORT
	dev_flush(dev);
#endif
	return r;
}

int dev_write(struct device *dev, uint64_t offset, size_t len, void *buffer)
{
	struct device_area where;

	if (!dev->open_count)
		return_0;

	where.dev = dev;
	where.start = offset;
	where.size = len;

	dev->flags |= DEV_ACCESSED_W;

	return _aligned_io(&where, buffer, 1);
}

int dev_set(struct device *dev, uint64_t offset, size_t len, int value)
{
	size_t s;
	char buffer[4096] __attribute((aligned(8)));

	if (!dev_open(dev))
		return_0;

	if ((offset % SECTOR_SIZE) || (len % SECTOR_SIZE))
		log_debug("Wiping %s at %" PRIu64 " length %" PRIsize_t,
			  dev_name(dev), offset, len);
	else
		log_debug("Wiping %s at sector %" PRIu64 " length %" PRIsize_t
			  " sectors", dev_name(dev), offset >> SECTOR_SHIFT,
			  len >> SECTOR_SHIFT);

	memset(buffer, value, sizeof(buffer));
	while (1) {
		s = len > sizeof(buffer) ? sizeof(buffer) : len;
		if (!dev_write(dev, offset, s, buffer))
			break;

		len -= s;
		if (!len)
			break;

		offset += s;
	}

	dev->flags |= DEV_ACCESSED_W;

	if (!dev_close(dev))
		stack;

	return (len == 0);
}